饮用水水源地严格管理水质的对策分析——对实行严格水资源管理问题上的看法和建议

2012年1月国务院发布了《关于实行最严格水资源管理制度的意见》,这是众所关注的要事,实行了最严格水资源管理的原则精神以及确定县级以上政府负总责的规定.但对如何严格管理的技术路线和对策措施上,特针对现实中存在的主要问题提出以下3点看法和建议:①达到地面水环境质量Ⅱ类水质的饮用水水源地不一定未受污染;②保护区内企业车间排水口符合第一类污染物最高允许排放浓度规定是满足饮用水水源地要求的必要条件;③《地面水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)对第一类污染物规定的Ⅱ类水质,是否体现了水环境背景值有较大存疑.     

基于经济普查引入EGSS统计框架的可行性分析

环境货物和服务部门(EGSS)统计框架是由欧盟统计署研究制定的、用于收集和整理环境产品与服务相关统计数据的方法,已经被联合国统计署纳入"环境经济统计体系(SEEA)"中,成为一项国际统计标准。中国的经济普查工作在数据采集方式上与EGSS具有较好的一致性,本文主要对我国的经济普查与EGSS统计框架进行比较研究,探索从经济普查表核算EGSS数据的方法和思路。结果表明:经济普查可作为常规统计口径核算EGSS数据的一个切入点,但是需要在数据连续性、行业小类划分、统计的经济指标范围方面进行衔接融合;基于经济普查数据引进EGSS统计框架可采取分阶段推进方式。     

两种工艺对污水再生水中微量有机物的去除效果

以20种微量有机污染物为目标物,针对北京市2个再生水厂的不同工艺,系统地考察了污水再生水中目标化合物的去除效果,并采用重组酵母雌激素活性筛检法(YES法)对再生水中雌激素活性进行评价.结果表明,超滤(UF)+臭氧(O3)氧化处理工艺可有效地去除微量有机污染物,出水中雌二醇当量浓度(EEQ)低于YES法检出范围.A2/O+膜生物反应器(MBR)+反渗透(RO)处理工艺对微量有机污染物有很高的去除能力,出水中可检测出的目标化合物较少.2种工艺均可降低再生水的环境风险,保障其使用安全.     

基于控制单元的水环境容量核算研究——以锦江流域为例

水环境容量核算是流域水环境容量总量分配的重要依据,关系到流域水质目标的实现。控制单元作为流域水环境管理的一个基本实施单位,以其为基础开展水环境容量核算,对于科学制定控制单元容量总量分配具有重要意义。以江西省锦江流域为例,根据水环境容量核算的基本原理,结合锦江流域的污染状况、水质现状和水环境功能区划,对流域各控制单元COD和氨氮的水环境容量进行分析,结果表明,控制单元的水环境容量与其内排污口的分布及功能区水质目标密切相关,COD的水环境容量以高安控制单元的最大,为 21 811 t/a;其次为上宜控制单元,为 21 168 t/a;再次为新丰控制单元,为 14 493 t/a;万载控制单元的最小,为 7 607 t/a。氨氮的水环境容量在各控制单元的分布特征与COD的略有不同,以上宜控制单元的最大,为790 t/a;其次为高安控制单元,为664 t/a;再次为新丰控制单元,为462 t/a;万载控制单元的最小,为303 t/a     

基于不确定性分析的健康环境风险评价

基于对水源地石油污染等现场调查数据为基础,选取典型污染物苯,利用可传递参数差异的蒙特卡罗技术方法,分析了乙烯厂不同分区苯污染经过呼吸和饮水暴露途径造成人体健康风险的不确定性,量化不确定性因素影响的A地区人体健康风险水平.结果表明,裂解装置区是苯污染影响人体健康风险水平的主要来源,产生的健康风险水平均值为1.17×10^-4,而其他3个分区的影响较小;所有分区苯污染对A地区产生的人体健康总风险均值为1.18×10^-4,大于美国环保局人体健康风险建议值10^-6,对人体健康已产生影响;受不确定性因素影响,根据不同的人体健康可以承受的风险水平限值,污染对人体健康产生影响的概率存在差异.因此量化不确定性对风险水平的影响,可为污染场地的风险管理和修复行动提供科学依据.     

基于变权灰色云模型的江苏省水环境系统脆弱性评价

水环境系统脆弱性是水资源利用与生态环境研究的热点问题,通过研究水环境系统的内在机理,综合考虑影响水环境系统脆弱性的资源、环境、经济、社会等因素,借助驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应-管理（DPSIRM）框架构建水环境系统脆弱性评价指标体系。在此基础上,构建基于变权灰色云模型的评价方法,对2004~2014年江苏省水环境系统脆弱性进行评价。结果表明：2004~2014年水环境系统脆弱性指数由47.056提高到63.210,脆弱性等级由“重度脆弱”演化为“中度脆弱”,并长期维持在“中度脆弱的”等级,2014年出现了向“轻度脆弱”状态转变的趋势。分析各个子系统对水环境系统脆弱性影响程度可知,影响子系统和响应子系统对江苏省水环境脆弱性系统的影响程度逐年增加;而压力子系统和管理子系统对水环境系统脆弱性的影响程度逐年下降;其它子系统对水环境系统脆弱性的影响维持在一定水平小幅度波动。     

Food for Thought: Audience Engagement with Sustainability Messages in Branded Content

Branded platforms are a growing “gray-zone” of marketing and media messages, in which corporations and news journalists partner to create content that supports strategic corporate goals while aligning with a publication’s scope of editorial coverage. As corporations are key influencers of and contributors to environmental communication, this trend has the potential to change environmental dialogue. In this article, we closely examine messages about food and sustainability, created in partnership by Chipotle Mexican Grill and the Huffington Post news site. We illustrate how use of a branded platform expanded the scope of environmental topics, issues, and frames that Chipotle addresses, how frames identified here connect to frames in coverage of science-related issues, as identified by other scholars, and discuss how branded platforms allow corporations to draw attention to polarizing environmental issues while protecting stakeholder relationships and brand reputation.     

Preserving Wilderness or Protecting Homelands? Intersections and Divergences in Activist Discourses About Mining in Ontario’s Far North

Northern Ontario’s Ring of Fire/Wawangajing controversy constitutes a complex site of debate about the risks and benefits of mining in an area of major ecological significance that is also the ancestral territory of nine First Nation communities. This paper investigates the rhetorical alignments and divergences in public calls by Matawa First Nations tribal council and the Ontario Wildlands League for stronger environmental assessment of mining projects than that favoured by the Canadian government. Tracing the terminologies each group uses to describe the affected region and its inhabitants in its activist rhetoric about EA offers insight into the contingent, shifting ways in which wilderness advocacy and Indigenous justice discourses may speak together yet distinctly within contemporary environmental-natural resource disputes.     

The Dynamics of Justification in Policy Reform: Insights from Water Policy Debates in Ireland

Policy reform can be complex and fraught with contending arguments. Although much research has been conducted into the politics of coalition formation, less attention has been devoted to legitimating logics in policy reform. Drawing on the work of Boltanski and Thévenot, this exploratory study addresses this deficit by examining the influence of justifications deployed in policy debates. The paper analyses the role of shifting reasoning in contentious debates concerning attempts to reform water policy, including the introduction of domestic water charges in Ireland. Employing data from parliamentary deliberations, the paper traces the changing forms of justification used by those favouring and opposing the reforms. This examination suggests the importance of aligning an argument’s content with the shifting context into which it is introduced. The paper highlights the benefits of an investigative approach concerning policy justification for understanding policy reform dynamics at the intersection of politics and environmental communication.     

Media Storms and Policy Expertise: How Environmental Beat Journalists Gained Influence During a Shale Gas Controversy

This article examines the conditions under which environmental beat journalists can gain credibility as expert informants. It shows that media storms foster a particular dynamic that can add to this credibility. Comparing a media storm over shale gas development in Quebec with regular coverage of the same issue in British Columbia, this article shows that the coverage space given to environmental beat journalists during a media storm can render their alliance with protest groups mutually beneficial. Beat journalists can benefit from the willingness of these groups to participate in their stories, while the groups benefit from increased visibility. Beat journalists also benefit by being perceived as expert informants in policy networks, a role that they use to encourage policy-makers to take the concerns of protest groups seriously. This dynamic also increases the negativity of the news coverage. The article makes a contribution to knowledge on the role of environmental journalists in policy-making processes.