现行的UASB反应器的设计问题及改良的可行性

探讨了UASB反应器的设计问题和改良的可行性。重点介绍并评价了UASB反应器的器内流速关系以及对应的问题。对比第 3代厌氧反应器的特点 ,提出了UASB反应器可行的改良方法。作为改良可行性证据 ,提供了改良后的实验数据     

小型城市污水厂设计中的问题及探讨

分析了小型城市污水厂的特点和存在的问题。处理工艺的优化选择是解决问题的关键。必须根据当地的水质、水量特点、受纳水体的水质标准、经济状况选择工艺类型     

The ‘Bayesics’ of Ranked Set Sampling

Ranked set sampling can be useful when measurements are expensive but units from the popu- lation can be easily ranked. In this situation one may draw k units from the population, rank them, select one on which to make the expensive measurement, draw another k units, rank them, select one, and so on. The method was originally suggested by McIntyre (1952) in connection with pasture yields and is obviously applicable in other situations as well. Dell and Clutter (1972) and Patil et al. (1994) explain the basics from a classical point of view. Our aim is to examine the procedure from a Bayesian point of view, determine whether ranked set sampling provides advantages over simple random sampling and explore some optimality questions     

Urban Stream Rehabilitation: A Design and Construction Case Study

/ This paper describes the fundamental design features, and construction methods and sequence, of a rehabilitation project on a small suburban creek in Moscow, Idaho, USA. A meandering channel pattern was reestablished for approximately 280 m of straightened, dredged channel, a new floodplain was excavated, and the new riparian zone was replanted. The new stream channel was sized to accommodate an estimated natural bankfull discharge ( approximately 5.6 cms), and floodplain design attempted to match the conveyance of the old enlarged channel (14-20 cms). The project was coordinated by a local nonprofit environmental organization, and the design and construction were tailored to donated materials and a largely volunteer labor force. A high-magnitude flood event (ca. 50-year recurrence interval) six months after construction had no significant impact on the newly constructed channel and revetments, but underscored the need for important detailing of the structures. The use of volunteer labor, while entailing certain benefits, complicates project planning and construction. The most general lesson learned from this project is that sponsoring agencies and clients need to be informed of the many steps and sequencing of properly constructed, complex stream rehabilitation projects as well as the high time and cost requirements for these tasks. KEY WORDS: Stream corridor restoration; Channel design; Streambank revetments     

COMPARISON OF DESIGN STORM CONCEPTS USING CONTINUOUS SIMULATION WITH SHORT DURATION STORMS1

ABSTRACT: The objectives of this paper were to test the ability of various design storm distributions to simulate the actual rainfall pattern and to compare the runoff rates used in the design of stormwater management devices in the State of Florida using continuous simulation approach. The analyses were performed for four gaged stations to evaluate the applicability of design storm distributions in different parts of the State of Florida. The approach used in this study compared the peak runoff rates from design storms based on the various distributions to those that would result from actual rainfall events. A series of continuous runoff rates were developed through the use of actual fifteen-minute recorded rainfall data, Horton type infiltration decay and recovery rate, and a continuous simulation model. The runoff rates were analyzed using frequency distributions to obtain peak runoff rates associated with different return periods based on the assumption that the continuous simulation approach closely predicts the actual runoff rates from the gaged stations. The results show that the behavior of the design storm distributions varies for different watershed characteristics in different parts of the state. The study also suggests that in general the Florida Department of Transportation and the Suwanne River Water Management (FDOT/ SRWMD) distributions appeared to agree with the continuous simulation results.     

论造纸中段废水和废纸造纸废水的处理原则

从造纸中段废水絮凝法处理和生化处理效果的实验研究结果出发,讨论了造纸中段废水处理的技术路线,指出絮凝法与好氧生化法联用是该废水处理的适宜方法。根据废纸造纸产生的两股废水（打浆洗涤废水和抄纸废水）的污染物特性,提出了废纸造纸废水处理的５条设计原则。     

城市环境规划设计动向初探

城市中的环境问题日益严重 ,人们渴望着能有一个安静、优美、和谐的生活环境。对城市环境规划设计在城市老区、居住区、城市园林、城市商业环境、城市灯光环境等方面的发展动向进行了初步的探讨。     

大型仓库防火分隔带设计和预期财产损失研究

基于"性能化设计仓库安全水平不低于处方式设计仓库"的设计理念,针对某大型仓库进行了防火分隔带的设计和预期财产损失的评估。探讨了具体案例中采用事件树、概率计算与数值模拟相结合进行性能化设计安全水平分析和预期财产损失评估的方法。研究结果表明,进行仓库消防系统有效性分析和预期财产损失评估,有助于更全面地评价消防性能化设计方案的安全水平。     

大型仓库防火分区问题性能化设计研究

本文运用性能化设计方法对某大型仓库防火分区问题进行分析说明,其结果勿需对空间进行实体分隔,从而实现动态分区。为了实现了动态分区,通过采用合理的消防对策和减少火灾时热释放速率的方法,防止火灾扩散和蔓延。本文运用ISO9705实验装置研究了该仓库内主要可燃物(轮胎)在不同堆放方式下的热释放速率,通过确定可燃物堆放方式来减少该仓库的热释放速率,由于研究结果表明了可燃物水平堆放比垂直堆放的热释放速率小得多,从而可燃物应水平堆放;同时本文也对采用标准喷头和快速响应早期抑制喷头的自动喷水灭火系统分别进行了科学计算,比较二者的结果所得：标准喷头不能实现对着火源的控制,而快速响应早期抑制喷头可以对着火源的控制,该仓库的自动喷水灭火系统采用快速响应早期抑制喷头可以将火势控制在一定的范围内,火源上方(z=6．8m)温度分布也表明该仓库不需要进行钢结构保护。     

基于最优传递矩阵的层次分析法在桥梁震害评估中的应用

影响桥梁抗震性能的因素众多,鉴于传统的定量方法无法精确权衡各因素的影响程度,因此,考虑将不确定型层次分析法引入桥梁的震害评估中,对区间标度的合理选择作了简要讨论,运用1～9标度采集数据,兼顾10/10～18/2标度的精确性,对初始判断矩阵进行折算。利用最优传递矩阵的概念,对传统的AHP进行改进,直接求出各指标的权重值。并将此方法应用到实例当中,建立基于地震波、墩台基础、支座、结构因素、环境因素等多因素影响下的桥梁震害评估模型,得到桥梁最终的综合评估值。