武钢循环冷却水钢管腐蚀的原因及其对策

针对武钢循环冷却水系统部分钢管腐蚀,造成管管漏水,严重影响正常生产的问题.探讨了钢管产生腐蚀的原因及其对策.近2年,通过实施减缓循环冷却水钢管腐蚀的对策,取得了明显的效果.     

土壤流失方程式在环境评价中的应用

通用土壤流失方程式是世界上应用最广泛的估测土壤侵蚀量的公式,在我国建设项目水土流失的环境影响评价中也有重要的应用价值。本文根据方程式各因子的物理意义和工程施工的特点,具体说明了各因子在环境评价中的取值方法及方程式的应用范围。      

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区坡面-沟道系统中的高含沙水流(Ⅰ)--地貌因素与重力侵蚀的影响

以黄河中游多沙粗沙区子洲径流站和离石王家沟试验站的径流场观测资料为基础,对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区坡沟系统中高含沙水流特征与地貌因素及重力侵蚀的关系进行了研究.研究结果表明,黄土坡面的地貌垂直结构和由此所决定的侵蚀作用垂直分异,对坡面高含沙水流的形成有很大的影响,高含沙水流形成于峁坡下部和沟坡,并在各级沟道中进一步发展.坡度对高含沙水流的形成有较大影响,如果侵蚀过程以溅蚀、面蚀、细沟侵蚀为主,不发生切沟及显著的重力侵蚀,则存在着一个坡度临界值,大于此值后,含沙量反而减小.重力侵蚀对坡沟系统高含沙水流的形成起着十分重要的作用,由于强烈的重力侵蚀的参与,高含沙水流的沙峰滞后于洪峰,落水阶段的含沙量常常大于同流量下涨水阶段的含沙量.     

多因素下开洞口煤仓风致积雪CFD模拟及拟合研究

为解决结构设计时开洞口圆形煤仓表面无法确定荷载分布系数问题,使用计算流体力学软件研究了开洞口煤仓不同跨度下风向角、积雪厚度及矢跨比变化下屋面积雪不均匀分布情况,提出了针对此种特殊结构的屋面积雪值拟合公式。研究结果表明:此公式拟合准确度高,屋面积雪值随风向角和积雪厚度增大而变大,风向角对积雪值影响极大,矢跨比影响下屋面积雪值变化较为复杂,且风向角和矢跨比2种参数相互影响,不应单一考虑矢跨比对球壳屋面积雪值的影响。     

Contribution of In‐Channel Processes to Sediment Yield of an Urbanizing Watershed1

Abstract: A study was conducted between September 2003 and September 2006 to obtain baseline sediment inventories and monitor sediment transport and storage along a 3.7 km length of the channel of Valley Creek within Valley Forge National Historical Park, Pennsylvania. Valley Creek is a tributary of the Schuylkill River and drains an urbanizing 60.6 km² watershed that currently has 18% impervious land cover. Numerous field methods were employed to measure the suspended sediment yield, longitudinal profile, cross‐sections, banklines, and particle size distribution of the streambed. Suspended sediment yield for the watershed was measured at a USGS gage located just upstream of the park boundary between July 2004 and July 2005, the period corresponding to field surveys of bank erosion and channel change. The estimated suspended sediment yield of 95.7 t/km²/year is representative of a year with unusually high discharge, including a storm event that produced a peak of 78 m³/s, the second highest discharge on record for the USGS gage. Based on the median annual streamflow for the 24 years of record at the USGS gage from 1983 to 2006, the median annual sediment yield is estimated to be closer to 34 t/km²/year, considerably lower than median and mean values for other sites within the region. The mass of silt, clay, and fine sand derived from bank erosion along the 3.7 km study reach during the field survey period accounts for an estimated 2,340 t, equivalent to about 43% of the suspended sediment load. The mass of fine sediment stored in the bed along the study reach was estimated at 1,500 t, with about 330 t of net erosion during the study period. Although bank erosion appears to be a potentially dominant source of sediment by comparison with annual suspended sediment load, bed sediment storage and potential for remobilization is of the same order of magnitude as the mass of sediment derived from bank erosion.     

Rapid shoreline retreat along the Esmeraldas coast, Ecuador: natural and man-induced processes

Along the coast facing the Pacific Ocean in the province of Esmeraldas (Ecuador) one can observe some stretches where a process of rapid erosion is currently in progress. If it is not prevented, it seriously risks compromising the development of any form of utilization. In this paper, which summarizes the observations carried out in three different periods (1989, 1992 and 1999), we express the opinion that this process is the product of two distinct main causes. Along the Atacames bay, which may be considered as the main seaside resort of Quito, the capital of Ecuador, progressive cliff retreat is not only very dangerous for the existing tourist settlements, but also hinders their further development. The shoreline dynamics that seems to be due only to ‘natural’ causes (sea level rising, or the lastEl Niño event) are so active that defence works are not recommended. At Camarones the erosion of the coast is clearly due to the systematic destruction of mangroves by man. Also as a result of the lastEl Niño event, the situation has become alarming and it could rapidly get worse. By means of the present contribution, the Authors intend to attract the attention of the international scientific community upon the processes, not surveyed so far, affecting the ‘weakest’ stretches of the Ecuadorian coast.     

土壤有机质和侵蚀对土壤松紧度的影响

本文对土壤的松紧度进行了定量调查和分析,应用回归分析方法研究了土壤有机质含量与土壤松紧度的关系,讨论了土壤侵蚀和人畜践踏对土壤松紧度的影响。     

核素示踪法研究农耕地土壤侵蚀的定量模型及其评价

应用137Cs示踪技术估算农耕地土壤侵蚀量的定量模型主要有两类径流小区上建立的经验关系式及各种理论模型.文章主要对各种主要模型作了简要介绍,并对各种模型的优点、局限性进行了比较和评价;指出今后在模型的建立和应用中注意的问题.     

钢结构高温响应影响因素的研究

根据考虑几何和材料非线性及温度沿杆件截面高度线性分布等因素对钢结构常温和高温响应影响的基本方程,用自行编制的计算程序对单层双跨钢框架进行结构非线性温度响应研究,分析了弯曲应变、屈强比、梁柱刚度比、初始弹性模量等因素对结构响应的影响,并研究了温度步长、保护层厚度对结构耐火时间的影响.由计算结果发现,弯曲应变、初始弹性模量...     

土壤侵蚀对土地利用和降雨变化响应和空间分布特征——以金沙江一级支流小江流域为例

全球变化引起了一系列环境效应,土壤侵蚀是全球变化最为敏感环境效应之一。选择生态极其脆弱区小江流域作为研究对象,通过遥感影像和雨量站点获取3期土地利用和降雨变化信息,结合区域基础地理信息数据,利用通用土壤流失方程（USLE模型）对该区域土壤侵蚀对土地利用和降雨变化的响应进行了分析。研究表明：（1）降雨量在1981~1990年为降雨量较小年份,1991~2000年为降雨量较大时间段,2001~2005年降雨量开始急剧减少;（2）1987、1995和2005年的平均侵蚀量分别为：7058、8008和7981 t/（hm2〖DK1〗·a),中度侵蚀以上面积分别占总面积的2992%、3383%和3318%,其中极强度侵蚀分别占915%、1281%和1263%;（3）在分布特征上,强度侵蚀和极强度侵蚀主要分布在小江流域的中下游地段。极强度侵蚀主要分布在中海拔区域（1 600~2 800 m）,所占的比例呈持续下降的趋势,但在高海拔区域,极强度侵蚀呈增加趋势;同时,极强度侵蚀集中分布在高坡度段（>35°）上,占其面积的85%以上,且呈持续增加趋势,在中坡度段（15°~35°）上,极强度侵蚀呈现明显的减少趋势。USLE模型可以较好的反映出全球变化条件下土壤侵蚀效应,为合理开发土地资源和人类经济活动提供科学依据