广西都安县典型水田硒地球化学特征及影响因素

为发展富硒水稻种植和巩固脱贫成果,在广西都安县百旺镇开展水稻种植区地球化学调查,采集21件岩石和193件水稻根系土-籽实协同调查样品,利用统计学和相关分析方法研究水田土壤硒的分布特征和影响因素.结果表明,百旺镇水田土壤和水稻籽实富硒率分别为67.4%和64.8%,但富硒土壤和富硒水稻籽实样品中镉含量普遍较高;对比显示百旺镇南部种植区水稻籽实富硒率达到61.1%,重金属风险低,发展无污染富硒水稻种植优势明显.相关分析表明次生富集作用是研究区土壤富硒的主要原因,根系土pH和质地不同程度影响土壤硒含量;水稻籽实硒含量主要受根系土硒含量、有效硒含量、pH和Al₂O₃等影响.镉膳食暴露风险评估显示研究区水稻整体安全,但中部区域水稻膳食暴露风险较高.     

雄安新区唐河污水库残留污染物对地下水水化学动态的作用机制

唐河污水库位于雄安新区白洋淀西侧,污水库渗漏和污水灌溉历时长达40 a,包气带中累积大量污染物.识别污水渗漏和灌溉复合系统残留污染物对地下水水化学动态的作用机制,对雄安新区的水环境保护至关重要.利用水化学离子示踪及改进的氯碱指数等水文地球化学方法,解析浅层地下水水化学时空特征及演化机制.结果表明,污水库区地下水水化学类型为SO₄·HCO₃-Na型,平均污水混合比例为48.4%,阳离子交替吸附作用和岩盐溶解作用分别为地下水提供了29.9%和8.6%的钠离子;污灌区地下水水化学类型为SO₄·HCO₃-Na·Mg型,平均污水混合比例为58.3%,阳离子交替吸附作用降低了地下水中8.1%的钠离子;降水和灌溉水的混合稀释作用导致残留污水混合比例和矿物饱和指数降低,促进地下水中钠离子与土壤胶体吸附的钙镁离子的交换作用.含水层反硝化作用能有效减少地下水硝酸盐污染.此外,污水库修复前后污水比例分别为61.5%和49.3%.污水渗漏和灌溉复合系统中长期滞留的污染物将在降雨和灌溉模式驱动下以不同程度的污水物理混合和水岩...     

西安市灰霾天气时间和区域分布特征及影响因素

依据1961—2005年共45年,西安、户县、长安、蓝田、临潼、高陵和周至7个气象台站灰霾观测资料,分析了灰霾天气时间和区域分布特征,并根据1996—2005年近10年西安逐月平均灰霾日数与近10年逐月主要气象要素相关性分析,得出:西安市20世纪70年代是灰霾日出现的高峰时期,并呈逐年减少趋势,灰霾发生的中心区域也在向郊区东南部转移;从影响灰霾天气形成的气象条件来看,气温越低,降水量和风速越小,日照越少,气压越高,越有利于灰霾天气的形成。     

MODIS气溶胶光学厚度在临安大气颗粒物监测中的应用

基于大气辐射传输理论的研究表明,AOD(气溶胶光学厚度)与地面PM(颗粒物)浓度(以ρ计)呈正相关. 利用2006—2010年MODIS晴空AOD数据产品与临安区域大气本底站监测的ρ(PM₁₀)进行相关分析发现,二者的R(相关系数)为0.431,直接相关程度较低. 根据AOD和气象能见度间的关系,获得了不同季节临安地区的气溶胶平均垂直标高,利用该垂直标高和RH(相对湿度)分别订正AOD和ρ(PM₁₀)后,二者的相关性(R为0.576) 明显提高.冬季AOD和ρ(PM₁₀)的相关性最好,R为0.765;夏、春季次之,R分别为0.643和0.608;秋季最低,为0.442. 经过对5年资料的对比分析,证实了MODIS气溶胶光学厚度经垂直标高和RH订正后,可用于临安地区地面空气污染的监测.      

新型内循环生物流化床处理豆制品废水研究

对采用射流曝气的新型内循环三相生物流化床处理豆制品废水进行了研究。结果表明 :间歇运行时 ,当循环水浓度在 30 0 0～ 4 0 0 0mg/L、循环流量在 10 0～ 2 0 0L/h之间 ,曝气量在 4 0～ 6 0L/h时 ,COD去除率可达到 95 %以上 ,去除容积负荷达到 10kg/m3 ·d以上 ;连续运行时 ,在进水流量 10 0L/h、COD <4 0 0mg/L时 ,出水COD可以达标     

基于GAM模型的西安市O3浓度影响因素解析

基于空气质量监测数据,研究了2014～2018年西安市O₃浓度和污染的变化特征,利用GAM模型揭示了气象因素对O₃浓度的影响.结果表明:①西安市O₃浓度逐年上升, 2016年开始O₃年评价指标已连续3 a超标.但随着夏季O₃污染治理的加强, 2017年后O₃浓度升幅趋缓.②O₃月均浓度变化曲线主要呈倒V型, 1～7月随气温的升高而上升, 8～12月随气温的下降而下降, 7月月均浓度最大.但在降水量偏大的年份,O₃月均浓度常在降水量最大月出现谷值,曲线形态变为M型.③2014～2018年西安市O₃污染明显加重,O₃污染时段向前延长.O₃超标率由2014年的1.9%上升到2018年的14.0%. 2016年起,O₃污染出现时间由7月提前至5月.④GAM模型拟合结果表明,气温、气压、日照时数和相对湿度与O₃浓度...     

雄安新区土壤重金属地球化学监测关键问题探讨

为构建雄安新区土壤环境质量监控网,系统获取雄安新区建设前后土壤重金属地球化学数据,长期监测新区建设过程中土壤重金属的变化趋势,在分析雄安新区土地质量地球化学调查监测数据和土壤重金属元素地球化学空间变异特征的基础上,采用统计学方法估算构建新区土壤地球化学监测网所需要的采样密度、采样数量和采样周期等参数,为后续新区土壤重金属地球化学长期监测工作提供参考.结果表明,调查区重金属As、 Cd、 Cu、 Hg和Pb元素变异系数>36%,属于高度变异元素; Cd、 Cu和Pb元素块金系数均>75%,其高度富集是在较高自然背景上出现了人为源的叠加.在置信水平P为95%和90%时,对样本平均值允许误差Δ分别为5%、 10%和15%的条件下,同时对新区土壤中8种重金属As、 Cd、 Cr、 Cu、 Hg、 Ni、 Pb和Zn进行土壤环境质量监测,最少合理采样数分别为1 077个、 270个、 120个和767个、 192个、 86个.土壤各重金属元素可监测最小变化量(MDC)介于0.0025～2.54 mg·kg^-1之间.在不同的重金属年变化速率下土壤重金属监测所需要的...     

Using experimental reintroductions to resolve the roles of habitat quality and metapopulation dynamics on patch occupancy in fragmented landscapes

Declines of species in fragmented landscapes can potentially be reversed either by restoring connectivity or restoring local habitat quality. Models fitted to snapshot occupancy data can be used to predict the effectiveness of these actions. However, such inferences can be misleading if the reliability of the habitat and landscape metrics used is unknown. The only way to unambiguously resolve the roles of habitat quality and metapopulation dynamics is to conduct experimental reintroductions to unoccupied patches so that habitat quality can be measured directly from data on vital rates. We, therefore, conducted a 15-year study that involved reintroducing a threatened New Zealand bird to unoccupied forest fragments to obtain reliable data on their habitat quality and reassess initial inferences made by modeling occupancy against habitat and landscape metrics. Although reproductive rates were similar among fragments, subtle differences in adult survival rates resulted in λ (finite rate of increase) estimations of <0.9 for 9 of the 12 fragments that were previously unoccupied. This was the case for only 1 of 14 naturally occupied fragments. This variation in λ largely explained the original occupancy pattern, reversing our original conclusion from occupancy modeling that this occupancy pattern was isolation driven and suggesting that it would be detrimental to increase connectivity without improving local habitat quality. These results illustrate that inferences from snapshot occupancy should be treated with caution and subjected to testing through experimental reintroductions in selected model systems.     

A classification framework for interspecific trade-offs in aquatic ecology

In some cases, wildlife management objectives directed at multiple species can conflict with one another, creating species trade-offs. For managers to effectively identify trade-offs and avoid their undesirable outcomes, they must understand the agents involved and their corresponding interactions. A literature review of interspecific trade-offs within freshwater and marine ecosystems was conducted to illustrate the scope of potential interspecific trade-offs that may occur. We identified common pitfalls that lead to failed recognition of interspecific trade-offs, including, single-species management and limited consideration of the spatial and temporal scale of ecosystems and their management regimes. We devised a classification framework of common interspecific trade-offs within aquatic systems. The classification can help managers determine whether the conflict is species based through direct relationships (i.e., predator–prey, competition, other antagonistic relationships) or indirect relationships involving intermediate species (i.e., conflict-generating species) or whether the conflict is driven by opposing management objectives for species that would otherwise not interact (i.e., nontarget management effects). Once the nature and scope of trade-offs are understood, existing decision-making tools, such as structured decision-making and real-options analysis, can be incorporated to improve the management of aquatic ecosystems. Article Impact Statement: A synthesis of interspecific trade-offs in aquatic ecosystems supports their identification and resolution.     

Wilderness forms and their implications for global environmental policy and conservation

With the intention of securing industry-free land and seascapes, protecting wilderness entered international policy as a formal target for the first time in the zero draft of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework under the Convention on Biological Diversity. Given this increased prominence in international policy, it is timely to consider the extent to which the construct of wilderness supports global conservation objectives. We evaluated the construct by overlaying recently updated cumulative human pressure maps that offer a global-scale delineation of industry-free land as wilderness with maps of carbon stock, species richness, and ground travel time from urban centers. Wilderness areas took variable forms in relation to carbon stock, species richness, and proximity to urban centers, where 10% of wilderness areas represented high carbon and species richness, 20% low carbon and species richness, and 3% high levels of remoteness (>48 h), carbon, and species richness. Approximately 35% of all remaining wilderness in 2013 was accessible in <24 h of travel time from urban centers. Although the construct of wilderness can be used to secure benefits in specific contexts, its application in conservation must account for contextual and social implications. The diverse characterization of wilderness under a global environmental conservation lens shows that a nuanced framing and application of the construct is needed to improve understanding, communication, and retention of its variable forms as industry-free places.