Effects of ethyl 2-methyl acetoacetate (EMA) on the growth of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Skeletonema costatum

We investigated the effects of ethyl 2-methyl acetoacetate (EMA) on growth of the marine diatom algae Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum) and Skeletonema costatum (S. costatum). Growth of P. tricornutum was significantly inhibited by the minimum concentration (3.5 mmol·L ^?1) of EMA at lower initial algal densities (IADs) (3.6×10⁴ and 3.3×10⁵ cells·mL ^?1). However, at the highest IAD, significant growth inhibition was found at above 7 mmol·L ^?1 of EMA exposure. In S. costatum, EMA concentrations of 10.5 mmol·L ^?1 or more significantly inhibited growth at lower IAD (3×10⁴ and 1.8×10⁵ cells·mL ^?1); at the highest IAD, only EMA concentrations above 14 mmol·L ^?1 obviously inhibited the growth of S. costatum. Changes in specific growth rates and pigment were consistent with algal growth, but only at higher EMA concentrations or lower IAD values was the ratio of chlorophyll a (Chla) to carotenoid significantly lower than the control. Medium effective concentration (EC ₅₀) values were in the order 4.07, 8.03 and 12.27 mmol·L ^?1 for P. tricornutum and 7.48, 11.92 and 17.22 mmol·L ^?1 for S. costatum. All these results show that the effect of EMA on the growth of algae was species specific and mainly depended on IAD, which might be an important factor to influence algal growth.     

The metabolism and distribution of [14C‐phenyl]‐ethyl parathion in a tropical soil under field conditions

The persistence, distribution and metabolism of [^l4C‐phenyl]‐ethyl parathion applied to soil columns in an agricultural farm were investigated under tropical field conditions. Volatilization, soil microbial activity, moisture levels and pH were found to influence the persistence, distribution and metabolism of this pesticide in the soil. There was rapid distribution of the pesticide in the soil matrix with time resulting in high levels of bound residues which reduced the overall rate of disappearance of parathion residues from the soil. The soil was slightly acidic but the metabolites, paraoxon, p‐nitrophenol and p‐aminophenol were detected in the soil extracts 7 days after pesticide application. After 72 days, 43.7% of the applied pesticide remained in soil composed of 18.9% extractable and 24.8% bound residues. A mechanism for the metabolism of ethyl parathion in this soil is given.     

低温等离子体结合锰基催化剂去除乙酸乙酯的研究

利用固态法和溶胶-凝胶法分别制备了钙钛矿（LaMnO₃）和八面体分子筛（OMS）两种锰基催化剂,在不同工况（输入电压、初始浓度、停留时间和催化剂放置量）条件下考察了等离子体催化对乙酸乙酯的降解特性.结果发现,锰基催化剂的加入显著提高了乙酸乙酯的去除率,减少了副产物的生成,并且OMS的催化活性高于LaMnO₃;此外,乙酸乙酯去除率随着电压的升高而增加,随着污染物初始浓度的增大而减少,并随停留时间的增长而变大;催化剂放置量为0.2 g时催化效果最佳.OMS催化剂在等离子体催化长期运行过程中表现出较好的稳定性.基于X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、H₂程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、比表面积测试（BET）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）等手段对锰基催化剂物理化学性质的分析表明,OMS具有较高的催化活性主要归功于其拥有更高比例的Mn⁴⁺/（Mn³⁺+Mn⁴⁺）和吸附氧（O_ads）/晶格氧（O_latt）.     

Degradation and mineralization of cellulose acetate in simulated thermophilic compost environments

Residual cellulose acetate (CA) films with initial degree of substitution (DS) values of 1.7 and 2.5 (CA DS-1.7 and DS-2.5) were recovered from a simulated thermophilic compost exposure and characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine changes in polymer molecular weight and DS and to study microbial colonization and surface morphology, respectively. During the aerobic degradation of CA DS-1.7 and CA DS-2.5 films exposed for 7 and 18 days, respectively, the number-average molecular weight (M _n) of residual polymer decreased by 30.4% on day 5 and 20.3% on day 16, respectively. Furthermore, a decrease in the degree of substitution from 1.69 to 1.27 (4-day exposure) and from 2.51 to 2.18 (12-day exposure) was observed for the respective CA samples. In contrast, CA films (DS-1.7 and DS-2.5) which were exposed to abiotic control vessels for identical time periods showed no significant changes inM _n and DS. SEM photographs of CA (DS-1.7 and DS-2.5) film surfaces after compost exposures revealed severe erosion and corresponding microbial colonization. Similar exposure times for CA films in abiotic control vessels resulted in only minor changes in surface characteristics by SEM observations. The conversion of CA DS-1.7 and DS-2.5 to CO₂ was monitored by respirometry. In these studies, powdered CA was placed in a predigested compost matrix which was maintained at 53°C and 60% moisture content throughout the incubation period. A lag phase of 10- and 25-day duration for CA DS-1.7 and DS-2.5, respectively, was observed, after which the rate of degradation increased rapidly. Mineralization of exposed CA DS-1.7 and DS-2.5 powders reported as the percentage theoretical CO₂ recovered reached 72.4 and 77.6% in 24 and 60 days, respectively. The results of this study demonstrated that microbial degradation of CA films exposed to aerobic thermophilic laboratory-scale compost reactors not only results in film weight loss but also causes severe film pitting and a corresponding decrease in chainM _n and degree of substitution for the residual material. Furthermore, conversions to greater than 70% of the theoretical recovered CO₂ for CA (DS 1.7 and 2.5) substrates indicate high degrees of CA mineralization.Guest Editor: Dr. Graham Swift, Rohm & Haas.     

应急监测空气和废气中醋酸乙烯

醋酸乙烯作为重要的有机化工原料在扬州多家化工企业使用,在此针对醋酸乙烯的理化性质,采用便携式采样器采集气体样品,参考了EPA．625方法中采样罐采样热脱附气相色谱-质谱法进行分析,但是热脱附装置和采样罐价格昂贵．质谱分析时间较长．操作要求高．不便于常规监测分析,现采用活性炭吸附气相色谱分析醋酸乙烯。通过实验总结出一套采样时间短分析速度快．灵敏度高的快速分析方法．为环境监测工作中醋酸乙烯应急监测提供分析参考。     

采用蒸气吹脱解附法对废弃活性炭回收醋酸丁酯的试验研究

试验用废弃活性炭做回收醋酸丁酯的研究,采用蒸气吹脱解附法,设计制作活性炭解吸塔,考察蒸气用量对活性炭解吸的影响,同时确定最佳解吸时间及可回收的丁酯量,并探讨回收醋酸丁酯的同时能够再生活性炭的试验条件。     

高度分散TiO2催化超声降解乙基紫及与悬浮TiO2催化活性的比较

采用输出功率为50 W,频率为40 kHz的超声波作为激发源激发TiO₂,比较了分散和悬浮2种不同形态TiO₂存在时超声降解乙基紫的情况.结果表明,在高度分散TiO₂存在的条件下,超声降解乙基紫的效果要远远好于悬浮TiO₂,超声照射40 min降解率达到78.45 %,而在悬浮TiO₂存在下降解率只有27.12 %,在单纯超声波作用下同样时间内降解率只有10%.另外还研究了不同因素包括：反应时间、初始浓度、催化剂加入量、超声功率和温度等对TiO₂催化超声降解乙基紫反应的影响,讨论了TiO₂催化超声降解乙基紫可能的反应机理.     

乙酸铵交换法测定土壤阳离子交换量的不确定度评定研究

采用乙酸铵交换法测定土壤阳离子交换量,并分析了测量过程中不确定度的来源:样品和标准物质的称量,容量瓶、移液管和滴定管的体积,以及测量的重复性等.在此基础上对各不确定度分量进行评定,并计算得到合成不确定度和扩展不确定度.最后提出了在测定过程中减小不确定度的有效途径,认为乙酸铵交换法测定土壤阳离子交换量的结果不确定度主要来源于重复性测定,增加测量次数可以减小重复性的不确定度,从而降低测定不确定度.当土壤中阳离子交换量为22.5 cmol(+)/kg时,扩展不确定度为1.0 cmol(+)/kg,置信水平为95%.     

DBE雾化吸收法治理乙酸乙酯废气的吸收装置研究

以环境友好型溶剂尼龙酸甲酯(DBE)为吸收剂,经超微雾化吸收乙酸乙酯废气。实验考察了钢丝表凝塔、玻璃管表凝塔、旋流片表凝塔、丝网表凝塔等实验装置的吸收效果和总回收率。结果表明:旋流片+丝网组合式结构的表凝塔具有较好的吸收率与除雾效果,雾化吸收的总回收率为85%。     

吹脱-Fenton氧化-沉淀工艺处理乙基氯化物废水

乙基氯化物是重要的农药中间体,广泛用于生产高效低毒有机磷农药,在生产过程中产生大量高COD、高磷、高硫等污染物的有毒废水。文章针对该废水的水质,提出了一种新的预处理工艺:吹脱-Fenton氧化-沉淀反应。试验结果表明:当吹脱时间为20 min,pH为3.10,Fenton反应双氧水与亚铁离子摩尔比为4:1,双氧水投加量为5 mL/L以及沉淀反应石灰投加量为14.5 g/L时,废水中的COD从228 g/L降低到56.60 g/L,硫离子浓度从88.94 g/L降低到12.26 g/L,总磷含量从10.37 g/L降低到0.98 g/L。