人工油松林不同生长阶段深层土壤有机碳和活性碳的差异及其影响因素

研究深层土壤碳库动态对了解陆地生态系统深层碳汇潜力、应对全球CO₂升高具有重要意义。论文以黄土丘陵区人工油松林为研究对象,以撂荒地为参照,分析了不同生长阶段的人工油松林地0~200 cm土层土壤有机碳（soil organic carbon,SOC）和活性有机碳（readily oxidizable carbon,ROC）动态变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明：在0~200 cm剖面上,不同生长阶段油松林SOC含量及储量较撂荒地显著提高。浅层（0~100 cm）SOC平均含量,成熟林为撂荒地的2.03倍,提高最大;其次是中龄林,为1.85倍;最后是幼龄林,为1.59倍。深层（100~200 cm）SOC平均含量,幼龄林、中龄林和成熟林分别较撂荒地提高了1.43、1.38和1.36倍。各生长阶段油松林浅层和深层SOC储量分别占0~200 cm SOC储量的61.0%~69.8%和30.2%~39.0%,不同生长阶段间浅层SOC储量差异显著,但深层SOC储量差异不大。浅层ROC储量,幼龄林、中龄林和成熟林依次提高了54.8%、82.0%和91.6%;深层ROC储量依次提高了32.4%、40.9%和58.1%,且深层储量占0~200 cm土层的31.2%~33.3%。不仅浅层SOC和ROC含量受多个因素的影响,而且深层ROC含量也与油松高度、根系生物量以及枯落物厚度、干重呈极显著正相关。因此,人工林建设不仅显著提高浅层SOC和ROC含量,而且对深层土壤的固碳能力有一定改善。     

不同发育阶段杉木人工林土壤碳库稳定性研究

森林土壤有机碳在全球碳循环中的重要作用主要取决于有机碳的稳定性。为科学评价杉木人工林土壤的碳汇功能及固碳潜力,对湖南省会同县不同发育阶段的杉木人工林土壤有机碳的生化特征和物理保护程度进行了研究。结果表明,在杉木人工林发育过程中,土壤总有机碳(SOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、活性碳库Ⅰ(LPⅠ)、活性碳库Ⅱ(LPⅡ)和重组有机碳(HOC)含量以及微生物熵(MQ)均在中龄林阶段出现最低值,而轻组有机碳(LOC)和顽固性组分(RF)随林龄增加呈现持续上升趋势。土壤RF占SOC的比例(顽固性碳指数,Ir,C)则表现为先增加后减少,即在中龄林阶段比例最高,在成熟林阶段为41.9%~57.6%,高于幼龄林阶段的38.7%~43.0%;HOC占SOC的比例从幼龄林阶段的86.4%~87.5%下降到成熟林阶段的82.5%~83.9%。总体而言,杉木人工林的发育过程是土壤有机碳积累的过程,在这个过程中,土壤有机碳自身的顽固性增强,但受到的物理保护程度减弱。此外,各组分中以LP I对土壤微生物的有效性最高。     

Effects of early management of Pinus massoniana plantation target trees on soil physicochemical properties and plant diversity北大核心CSCD

In order to provide a theoretical reference for the early management of target trees in the low mountain region of eastern Sichuan, and a theoretical basis for the sustainable management of masson pine (Pinus massoniana) plantations, we chose three different kinds of densities (100 target trees per hectare, 150 target trees per hectare, and 200 target trees per hectare) in a 33-year-old masson pine plantation in the low mountain region of eastern Sichuan. We investigated the change patterns of soil physicochemical properties and plant diversity during the early stage of the management of the target trees. The results showed that compared to the control (CK), the early stage of management of P. massoniana plantation target trees dramatically improved the soil physical properties, the pH value, contents of organic matter, and total phosphorus (P < 0.05); however, the available phosphorus and the available nitrogen varied slightly (P > 0.05). Compared to the control (CK), significant (P < 0.05) differences in the richness index were observed between shrubs and herbs (P < 0.05), and in the shrub layer, the dominant position was replaced by others. Simpson, Shannon, and Pielou indexes of shrubs showed no significant difference in the study (P > 0.05). On the contrary, Simpson, Shannon, and Pielou i ndexes of herbs were significantly lower than those for CK (P < 0.05). There were significant correlations between plant species diversity and soil physicochemical properties such as soil pH, contents of total phosphorus, and the available nitrogen. The early stage of management of P. massoniana plantation target trees significantly improved the plant diversity and soil physicochemical properties. Among all the three different treatments, the density of 150 target trees per hectare had the best effect on the soil physicochemical properties and plant diversity. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

紫色红壤施肥对尾叶桉生长的影响

在紫色砂岩发育的严重侵蚀红壤上,开展尾叶桉施肥试验。结果表明,ＮＰＫ复合肥的施用,明显地促进了尾叶桉的生长,但在未加人微量元素肥料的情况下,表现出明显的微量元素缺乏病症,致使尾叶桉分生组织畸变,上部枝条折断,成丛生状,顶端优势不明显。２０个月生时,ＮＰＫ＋微肥处理的树高和胸径,与ＮＰＫ处理的相比较,分别提高５４．３％和１０４．９％,是对照无肥处理的３．６４倍和１．５８倍,表现出极显著的微量元素施肥效果。     

橡胶园土壤若干微量元素含量 ——以海南省胶园土为例

胶园土壤微量元素含量有一定的特征。海南省胶园土个别样点Ｃｄ偏高,Ｃｕ偏低,其它样点Ｃｄ、Ｃｒ、Ｐｈ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｎｉ、Ｍｏ、Ｈｇ含量正常。土壤母质、质地、化学组成、耕作等对微量元素含量有一定影响。玄武岩上的胶园土微量元素较丰富。质地粘重的土壤微量元素含量往往较高。由于铁的水合物吸附固定作用,Ｃｕ、Ｚｕ、Ｃｄ、Ｈｇ含量与Ｆｅ含量有一定关系。Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ｈｇ的许多化学性质相似,它们的含量有一定的相关性。     

太岳山不同林龄人工油松林土壤微生物特征

油松（Pinus tabuliformis Carr.）具有保土保肥和改善水土流失的作用,是黄土高原地区植被恢复中广泛使用的树种.为了探究土壤微生物多样性和群落结构对人工油松林演替的响应及其环境因子驱动机制,以太岳山脉潘家山10、20和30 a人工油松林土壤为研究对象,基于野外采样、室内理化分析和高通量测序等手段,分析不同林龄表层和亚表层土壤微生物群落结构、多样性及其与土壤理化性质之间的关系.结果表明：(1)30 a的人工油松林演替显著改变了土壤养分状况. SOM、TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、AP和AK均随演替的进行显著升高;TP和TK含量随演替年限逐渐降低.(2)不同林龄油松林土壤真菌的优势门为子囊菌门、担子菌门和被孢菌门,细菌的优势门为放线菌门、变形菌门、酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门和芽单胞菌门.(3)油松林土壤微生物中细菌占绝对优势,真菌和细菌拷贝数随林龄增加均显著增加,30 a油松林土壤真菌拷贝数和细菌拷贝数分别是10 a油松林的6.61倍和2.55倍.(4)随着林龄增加,土壤真菌多样性显著下降.属水平上,子囊菌门中青霉菌属相对丰度大幅下降,达21.07%,担子菌门中红菇属相对丰度...     

Water budget and the consequent duration of canopy carbon gain in a teak plantation in a dry tropical region: Analysis using a soil–plant–air continuum multilayer model

A soil–plant–air continuum multilayer model was used to numerically simulate canopy net assimilation (A_n), evapotranspiration (ET), and soil moisture in a deciduous teak plantation in a dry tropical climate of northern Thailand to examine the influence of soil drought on A_n. The timings of leaf flush and the end of the canopy duration period (CDP) were also investigated from the perspective of the temporal positive carbon gain. Two numerical experiments with different seasonal patterns of leaf area index (LAI) were carried out using above-canopy hydrometeorological data as input data. The first experiment involved seasonally varying LAI estimated based on time-series of radiative transmittance through the canopy, and the second experiment applied an annually constant LAI. The first simulation captured the measured seasonal changes in soil surface moisture; the simulated transpiration agreed with seasonal changes in heat pulse velocity, corresponding to the water use of individual trees, and the simulated A_n became slightly negative. However, in the second simulation, A_n became negative in the dry season because the decline in stomatal conductance due to severe soil drought limited the assimilation, and the simultaneous increase in leaf temperature increased dark respiration. Thus, these experiments revealed that the leaflessness in the dry season is reasonable for carbon gain and emphasized the unfavorable soil water status for carbon gain in the dry season. Examining the duration of positive A_n (DPA) in the second simulation showed that the start of the longest DPA (LDPA) in a year approached the timing of leaf flush in the teak plantation after the spring equinox. On the other hand, the end appeared earlier than that of all CDPs. This result is consistent with the sap flow stopping earlier than the complete leaf fall, implying that the carbon assimilation period ends before the completion of defoliation. The model sensitivity analysis in the second simulation suggests that a smaller LAI and slower maximum rate of carboxylation likely extend the LDPA because soil water from the surface to rooting depth is maintained longer at levels adequate for carbon gain by decreased canopy transpiration. The experiments also suggest that lower soil hydraulic conductivity and deeper rooting depth can postpone the end of the LDPA by increasing soil water retention and the soil water capacity, respectively.     

青藏高原东缘不同林龄云杉林冬季土壤呼吸特征

采用动态密闭气室红外CO_2 分析法(IRGA),连续定位测定青藏高原东部4种不同恢复阶段的人工云杉林和原始云杉林在冬季(2007.11.01～2008.03.31)的土壤呼吸.用挖壕沟法同步区分土壤自养呼吸和异养呼吸,并同步测定土壤5 cm温度和水分结果表明,土壤5 cm温度与冬季土壤呼吸速率具有显著的正指数相关关系,土壤含水量与冬季土壤呼吸的相关性不明显.亚高山针叶林冬季土壤呼吸温度系数Q_(10) 值为3.180 3～6.546 9,不同年龄阶段针叶林的Q_(10)值大小依次为:35 a人工云杉林>47 a人工云杉林>65 a人工云杉林>22 a人工云杉林>原始云杉林.22 a、35 a、47 a、65 aA工云杉林和原始云杉林冬季土壤总呼吸碳释放通量别为200.16、196.23、166.71、228.47、261.75 g(C)m~2,随着森林恢复更新,冬季土壤呼吸通量呈现出先下降后升高的趋势,这种变化趋势的拐点出现在47 a人工林附近.温度是影响土壤自养呼吸贡献率和异养呼吸贡献率的主要因子,温度与异养呼吸贡献率成负相关.22 a、35 a、47 a、65a人工云杉林和原始云杉林冬季土壤的自养呼吸和异养呼吸碳释放通量平均值分别为133.44、134.04、115.97、166.05、199.07 g(C)m~(-2)和66.71、62.20、50.73、62.43、62.68 g(C)m~(-2).图7表3参34     

杉木人工林生态系统的生物地球化学循环Ⅱ:氮素沉降动态

在福建南平地区 ,对两片杉木人工林 (标记为FFC和XQF)的氮素沉降进行了为期 3a(1994～ 1996 )的定位研究 .结果表明 ,降水通过林冠后 ,穿透雨的氮素含量没有发生明显变化 ,但树干径流的养分富集现象则十分显著 .降雨、穿透雨和树干径流中的氮素含量表现出明显的季节变化 ,均以夏季最低 ,冬季最高 ,春秋季居中 ,这种格局强烈受降雨量的控制 .在FFC和XQF监测场 ,每年从降雨中输入的NH 4 N分别为 8.73kghm-2 和 4.6 2kghm-2 ,NO-3 N分别为 9.36kghm-2 和 6 .83kghm-2 ,总计氮素输入分别为 18.0 9kghm-2 及 11.45kghm-2 ,其中16 .4% (2 .97kghm-2 )和 4.9% (0 .5 6kghm-2 )在降水过程中直接被两林分的林冠所吸收 .吸收行为主要出现在春、夏两季 ,这是杉木生长旺盛的阶段 ,而在秋、冬季则主要表现为淋溶 .林龄和密度是影响林冠对氮素吸收量的两个主要因子 .图 3表 1参 2 2     

云南热区几种人工林土壤变化研究

在云南热区营造山桂花、西南桦、马尖相思、高阿丁枫等4种人工林,只要经营得当,对林地土壤理化性质并不造成重大影响,不会引起地力迅速衰退。4种人工林土壤变化的大致趋势是:1993~1995年肥力大多略呈下降趋势,1995~1997年有所上升。