海啸预警系统及我国海啸减灾任务

2004年12月26日印度洋海啸引发了新一轮海啸预警系统的研究。简述了地震海啸预警的原理，分析了海啸数值模拟的一些基本方法，综述了目前世界上多个国家海啸预警系统的建设情况，通过对我国海啸灾害研究现状的分析，明确了我国当前海啸防灾减灾工作的主要任务。     

城市绿地系统建设与城市减灾防灾

自然灾害往往给城市造成重大损失.在城市综合防灾减灾体系中,城市绿地系统占有十分重要的位置.城市绿地系统是城市规划和建设中的重要组成部分,它不仅具有美化城市环境、净化空气、平衡城市生态系统、为城市居民提供休憩游乐场所等作用,同时还具有防震、防火、防洪、减轻灾害的功能.从城市绿地的定义和分类人手,分析了城市绿地系统在城市综合防灾减灾中的作用,并通过介绍和分析日本防灾公园的规划建设,探讨了城市避灾绿地系统的规划方法.     

Integrating fisheries into the national development plans of Small Island Developing States (SIDS): Ten years on from Barbados

The development and effective introduction of strategies designed to ensure the ecologically and economically sustainable utilization of coastal and marine resources is perhaps the major challenge for Small Island Developing States (SIDS). In response, the 1994 Barbados Programme of Action (BPoA) called upon the SIDS to implement appropriate coastal and marine strategies and, crucially, ensure that such strategies were integrated into sustainable national development plans (NDPs). This article examines the extent to which contemporary NDPs and donor support programmes have incorporated the fisheries sector — arguably the most important coastal/marine resource for many SIDS — into such documents. Applying an assessment methodology, originally developed to identify levels of environmental mainstreaming within World Bank country assistance strategies to NDPs and donor support programmes, we are able to identify those SIDS who have most effectively integrated the fisheries sector into such documents. Comparison with data indicating the importance of the sector to the national economy (in terms of generating foreign exchange, employment generation and/or supporting domestic protein consumption levels) enables us to pinpoint those countries with substantial fisheries sectors, but a correspondingly lower than expected degree of sectoral mainstreaming. We suggest that the January 2005 review of the BPoA offers an opportune moment for such countries to redress these omissions.     

Research on Methods for Building Volcano Disaster Information System--taking Changbai Mountain as an example

1IntroductionAs a many-volcano-distributed country,China is covered with many volcanoes and lava rocks.A-mong the one-thousand-or-so volcanoes,Changbai Mountain Volcano,Wudalianchi Volcano,Tengchong Volcano and Ashikule Volcano of West Kunlun are the mostlatentcatastrophic erup-tive active volcanoes.In recent years,the activity of the earth' s crust in some volcanic areas isobviously becoming increasing violent.Butfew scholars have monitored and evaluated volcano inChina.So building VDI…     

A review of public acceptance of nature-based solutions: The ‘why’, ‘when’, and ‘how’ of success for disaster risk reduction measures

Nature-based solutions (NbS) are increasingly recognized as sustainable approaches to address societal challenges. Disaster risk reduction (DRR) has benefited by moving away from purely ‘grey’ infrastructure measures towards NbS. However, this shift also furthers an increasing trend of reliance on public acceptance to plan, implement and manage DRR measures. In this review, we examine how unique NbS characteristics relate to public acceptance through a comparison with grey measures, and we identify influential acceptance factors related to individuals, society, and DRR measures. Based on the review, we introduce the PA-NbS model that highlights the role of risk perception, trust, competing societal interests, and ecosystem services. Efforts to increase acceptance should focus on providing and promoting awareness of benefits combined with effective communication and collaboration. Further research is required to understand interconnections among identified factors and how they can be leveraged for the success and further uptake of NbS.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01502-4.     

硅藻土负载型非均相芬顿催化剂制备及其降解苯酚的实验研究

以硅藻土为载体,采用直接蒸发法负载铁的氧化物,制备了一种新型负载型非均相芬顿催化剂,通过SEM、EDS和XRD等对催化剂进行了表征,并以苯酚去除率考察了催化剂性能。结果表明:铁氧化物可成功负载于硅藻土上;催化剂制备时最优铁离子浓度和固液质量比分别为0.5 mol/L和1∶10;催化剂重复使用性高,耐酸碱性良好,对苯酚的去除率可达99%以上。催化剂利用了硅藻土优异的物化性质,对难降解有机废水具有良好的应用前景。     

不同污水处理工艺N_2O减排方法研究进展

污水处理过程中产生强温室气体N_2O的问题已经受到广泛关注,如何在保证处理效率的同时实现N_2O有效减排成为水处理领域面临的重要问题。综述了传统生物脱氮除磷工艺和同步硝化反硝化、反硝化除磷、厌氧氨氧化等新型污水处理工艺运行过程中N_2O的产生机理、减排方法和减排量,为相关领域的研究人员提供参考。     

焙烧温度对CeO_2(ZrO_2)/TiO_2选择性催化脱硝性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法并以不同温度焙烧制备一系列CeO_2(ZrO_2)/TiO_2(CZT)催化剂,考察了CZT催化剂固相结构、酸量、比表面积等性能与催化活性的关系。采用XRD、BET、NH3-TPD、H2-TPR以及XPS等表征技术对催化剂进行表征。结果表明:焙烧温度为450℃时CZT催化剂具有最高的催化活性,其在240~400℃的温度窗口内活性均高于90%,且具有较好的抗水和抗硫中毒能力。随着焙烧温度的提高,催化剂表面的Ce和Zr原子进入体相晶格且Ce0.5Zr0.5O2向Ce0.75Zr0.25O2转变,导致催化剂的储释氧能力和氧化还原性能降低。另外,锐钛矿和金红石型TiO_2晶粒尺寸的增加,催化剂的有效比表面积和总酸量降低,因此CZT催化活性随着焙烧温度的提高而有所降低。换言之,大的比表面积、良好的氧化还原性能、表面Ce4+的富集以及酸性位的增多均有利于NH3-SCR活性的提高。     

北京冬奥会同期空气污染数值模拟

第24届冬季奥运会将于2022年2月4—20日在我国北京市和河北省张家口市联合举办,主要会场有北京奥体中心、北京延庆县和张家口市崇礼县.为了模拟分析冬奥会空气质量情况,利用冬奥会同期(2006—2016年2月)北京市和张家口市空气质量资料及韩国气象厅天气图资料(2013—2016年2月),分析该时段重污染发生的频次,统计不利于污染物扩散的天气形势出现概率及污染传输路径,并结合嵌套网格空气质量预报模式(NAPQMS),评估不同减排方案对ρ(PM_2.5)的影响.结果表明:① 2006—2016年冬奥会同期,北京奥体中心和延庆县发生重污染天气的概率分别为17%和9%,污染发生的风险频率为北京奥体中心>延庆县>张家口市,并且北京奥体中心和延庆县在2月13—16日易出现持续的重污染天气过程;② 2013—2016年2月不利于污染扩散的天气形势出现概率较为频繁,尤其在850 hPa高度和地面,不利天气形势出现的概率分别为35%和41%;地面偏南风易将在北京西南方滞留较长时间的污染气团沿太行山输送至北京;③ 冬奥会期间,若于2月2—12日及17—20日将京津冀及周边城市污染物排放量在当前的基础上减排50%、2月13—16日减排75%,将可能不出现重污染日.严格控制北京及周边地区的大气污染物排放是保障冬奥会期间空气质量的必要措施.      

北京市燃煤源排放控制措施的污染物减排效益评估

为分析北京市燃煤源排放控制措施的污染物减排效益,基于MEIC（中国多尺度排放清单模型）,采用情景分析法,评估了北京市电厂能源清洁化与末端治理、燃煤锅炉改造和城区平房区居民采暖改造等措施的污染物减排效益.结果表明,相对于无控情景,2013年北京市电厂能源清洁化与末端治理减少PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂和NO_x排放量为1.28×104、2.10×104、5.13×104和4.98×104 t,分别占无控情景的85%、86%、87%、74%;北京市燃煤锅炉改造减少PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO_x排放量为1.09×104、2.68×104、11.64×104和5.81×104 t,分别占无煤改气情景的83%、89%、83%、83%;北京市老旧平房区的居民采暖改造减少PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂和NO_x排放量分别为630、870、2 070和790 t,均占无煤改电情景的8%.研究显示,北京市从1998年开始采取的各种减排措施有效地减少了污染物的排放,对北京市空气质量改善具有重要意义.