Interacting Effects of Phenotypic Plasticity and Evolution on Population Persistence in a Changing Climate

Abstract: Climate change affects individual organisms by altering development, physiology, behavior, and fitness, and populations by altering genetic and phenotypic composition, vital rates, and dynamics. We sought to clarify how selection, phenotypic plasticity, and demography are linked in the context of climate change. On the basis of theory and results of recent empirical studies of plants and animals, we believe the ecological and evolutionary issues relevant to population persistence as climate changes are the rate, type, magnitude, and spatial pattern of climate‐induced abiotic and biotic change; generation time and life history of the organism; extent and type of phenotypic plasticity; amount and distribution of adaptive genetic variation across space and time; dispersal potential; and size and connectivity of subpopulations. An understanding of limits to plasticity and evolutionary potential across traits, populations, and species and feedbacks between adaptive and demographic responses is lacking. Integrated knowledge of coupled ecological and evolutionary mechanisms will increase understanding of the resilience and probabilities of persistence of populations and species.     

试论青藏高原岩浆活动史及其与板块构造的关系

运用威尔逊的海洋盆地生命旋回理论 ,阐明青藏高原南部地区岩浆作用经历了裂谷型岩浆作用—海洋型岩浆作用—岛弧型岩浆作用—碰撞型岩浆作用—陆内会聚型岩浆作用 ,从而揭示了青藏高原岩浆活动史与板块构造的内在联系     

碳交易政策下的物流与制造业联动减排随机演化博弈

考虑外部环境的不确定性,构建由地方政府、制造商与物流企业构建的三方随机演化模型,对模型的稳定性进行讨论得到稳态条件,结合数值仿真方法对博弈主体策略演化进行研究.结果表明：规制成本与上级政府的倒查机制是影响地方政府策略选择的重要因素,较高的碳交易价格将促进博弈系统向（积极规制,绿色生产,绿色运输）理想策略集演化,理想策略集下初始策略选择概率的改变一定程度上影响了主体演化的速率,即便制造商在博弈初期的绿色生产策略选择概率为0.1,仍能以最快的演化速率向绿色生产稳定策略收敛.联动发展下制造商的绿色生产策略将带动物流企业选择绿色运输策略,物流企业对碳交易价格与碳配额的敏感性要大于制造商,物流企业向绿色运输演化速率与碳配额成负相关,与碳交易价格成正相关.碳交易财政收入的增加促进了地方政府的积极规制行为,但当财政收入系数增加至0.3时可能导致物流企业的策略选择不稳定.伴随着随机干扰强度的升高,制造商保持了最高的稳定性,在情形一、二中的波动幅度分别为0.4667~1与0.5618~1,而物流企业的策略选择波动性最强,在情形一、二中得波动幅度分别为0.3856~1与0.4616~1,且在演化初期长期处在不稳定状态.     

华南元古宙地壳演变过程研究中的几点进展

根据近两年对华南元古宙地壳演变过程的研究，提出了华南基底构造格架的划分方案；同时发现了华南陆下存在相对稳定高速高阻冷的古地幔柱的残留部分一“残烃柱”；指出华南古大洋基底蛇绿岩层序中存在斜长花岗岩等酸性组分；探讨了陆下地幔新矿物相；初步建立了华南及西太平洋壳一幔分层柱体模型；讨论了华南部分地区下地壳及上地幔的岩石流变学特征。对元古宙Cu、Au等成矿作用也作了初步的总结并提出了有希望的成矿远景区。     

组合措施下政府与企业排污行为演化博弈

为研究排污企业应对不同惩罚和补贴组合措施的行为策略,将演化博弈理论与系统动力学方法结合,构建基于政府与排污企业双方的演化博弈模型.以政府和排污企业双方利益为核心,对其在不同惩罚和补贴措施下的企业行为策略和演化稳定性进行分析.结果显示,在静态惩罚补贴措施下,政府和企业策略行为无法达到演化稳定点,政府静态政策不会对企业合法排污行为产生推动作用.在动态惩罚补贴措施下,动态惩罚和动态补贴措施对推动企业合法排污行为更为有效,政府可根据排污企业行为制定双边动态策略.     

基于系统动力学的建筑安全监管博弈研究

为研究影响建筑安全的因素,探讨科学的建筑安全监管策略,在建筑企业与政府安全监管部门具有有限理性的前提下,建立建筑安全监管的演化博弈模型。对稳定状态的分析表明,模型并不总是存在演化稳定策略。在此基础上,建立系统动力学模型,借助数据仿真分析不同变量对建筑安全状况的动态影响。研究结果表明,奖惩力度、监管失误率、监管成本、安全投入、惩罚机制等因素的变化对建筑安全状况产生影响。建筑安全长效监管可从加大对监管部门的奖惩力度、减少监管部门的监管失误率、降低建筑安全监管成本、合理控制安全措施投入、设计合理的建筑企业惩罚机制等方面着手。     

基于差异进化支持向量机的坑外土体沉降预测

就用支持向量机(SVM)预测基坑外土体沉降而言,通过差异进化(DE)算法构造适合的决策函数十分重要。在确定坑外土体沉降函数的基本形式下,进行参数反演。后将得到的解析式作为SVM的决策函数,再进行核函数转换,从而使SVM的曲线拟合更加快速,预测更加准确。对大连地铁湾家车站基坑坑外土体的沉降数据的分析及预测的结果表明,使用SVM-DE算法在计算数据量、计算消耗时间和预测精度方面优于2种方法单独使用。     

风险偏好视角下地铁施工安全群体行为博弈研究

为了研究风险偏好对地铁项目施工阶段施工人员与安全管理人员行为决策的影响,将前景理论引入演化博弈建模及分析过程,构建区别于传统收益矩阵的前景安全效用价值感知矩阵,得到施工人员与安全管理人员在不同风险偏好下的最优策略。结合数值仿真研究得出:地铁施工安全群体凭借其个人风险偏好倾向于选择预期效用最大化决策,安全群体通过风险规避才能保证地铁项目施工阶段安全系统稳定。研究结果从完善安全管理奖惩制度、培养安全群体安全理念、转变传统安全风险管控观念3个方面为地铁项目施工提出了安全管理建议。     

Demographic Stability Metrics for Conservation Prioritization of Isolated Populations

Abstract:  Systems of geographically isolated habitat patches house species that occur naturally as small, disjunct populations. Many of these species are of conservation concern, particularly under the interacting influences of isolation and rapid global change. One potential conservation strategy is to prioritize the populations most likely to persist through change and act as sources for future recolonization of less stable localities. We propose an approach to classify long-term population stability (and, presumably, future persistence potential) with composite demographic metrics derived from standard population-genetic data. Stability metrics can be related to simple habitat measures for a straightforward method of classifying localities to inform conservation management. We tested these ideas in a system of isolated desert headwater streams with mitochondrial sequence data from 16 populations of a flightless aquatic insect. Populations exhibited a wide range of stability scores, which were significantly predicted by dry-season aquatic habitat size. This preliminary test suggests strong potential for our proposed method of classifying isolated populations according to persistence potential. The approach is complementary to existing methods for prioritizing local habitats according to diversity patterns and should be tested further in other systems and with additional loci to inform composite demographic stability scores.     

Combining payment for crop damages and reward for productivity to address wildlife conflict

Conflict caused by wild herbivores damaging crops is an almost universal problem in conservation. We designed and implemented a game-theory-based system for supporting farmers whose crops were being heavily damaged by wild herbivores. In this community-operated system, farmers self-report their production, which is endorsed by neighboring farmers. The average deficit in production is compensated for by a payment that is directly proportional to the average deficit in production of the group and to the individual farmer's productivity. As a result, farmers are compensated for the average damage (support) and rewarded for individual productivity (reward) (i.e., support cum reward [SuR]). The design of the game is such that only honest reporting gives maximum returns. Farmers who underreport receive less payment because the SuR amount is proportionate to their self-reported productivity. The endorsing farmers, in their own self-interest, prevent overreporting. The system involves multiple game situations, the combined result of which is a stable strategy based on honesty and hard work. In 2 villages along the western boundary of Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve in central India, we tested the system with 75 farmers over 6 crop seasons. After a few initial attempts to cheat, honesty prevailed throughout the group. Average crop productivity increased 2.5-fold, in spite of damage, owing to increased effort by farmers. Apart from wildlife conflict resolution, the model offers a promising alternative to crop insurance and a potential behavioral green revolution in agriculture.