中国土壤侵蚀影响因素及其危害分析

中国土壤侵蚀面积达492km^2，除土壤，降雨，植物被等自然因素外，超载放牧，陡坡开荒，工程建设等人为因素影响也很大，土壤侵蚀不仅破坏土地资源，而且制约粮食生产，污染水环境，淤积库容湖泊，危害城市安全，必须积极加以防治。     

汽车涂装材料的现状及发展方向

主要介绍了当前汽车涂装材料的现状及其发展方向，指出涂装材料开发的重点是提高材料性能的同时将更注重其环保性能。主要体现在以下几个方面：1．减少有害物质和废水排放是研究开发的方向；2．开发无铅的阴极电泳漆使电泳涂装材料更适应环保要求：3．水性涂料、粉末涂料、以及高固体分涂料，将逐渐取代传统的溶剂型中涂、面漆涂料．成为现代环保型汽车涂料的主流。     

Maternal contamination of amniotic fluid demonstrated by DNA analysis

DNA from 16 sets of samples comprising DNA from uncultured amniotic fluid cells, cultured amniotic fluid cells, fetal tissue, and maternal blood was analysed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with AC-repeat primers. The analysis was performed to investigate the presence of contaminating maternal cells in amniotic fluid which would affect the reliability of DNA studies for prenatal diagnosis. In three sets, maternal contamination of uncultured amniotic fluid cells was detected. In one of the three sets, maternal contamination was present in both uncultured and cultured amniotic fluid cells. The use of amniotic fluid cells as a source of DNA for prenatal diagnosis should be limited to cases where the purity of the DNA can be demonstrated prior to the diagnostic test being performed. This limitation in the use of amniotic fluid DNA also extends to other forms of diagnosis relying on the purity of amniotic fluid samples, particularly the new in situ hybridization methods currently being developed.     

Formation factor logging by electrical methods. Comparison of formation factor logs obtained in situ and in the laboratory

In this paper, a new in situ method for obtaining the formation factor, which is essential for the matrix diffusion, is described and tested in intrusive igneous rock. The method is based on electrical resistivity measurements in rock where the pore water and rock resistivities are essential parameters. The method is based on electromigration instead of diffusion as in traditional diffusion experiments. In previous works, quantitative formation factors of rock have been obtained by electrical methods in the laboratory. Here, a similar approach is used in situ. An in situ logging campaign was performed by SKB during 2000 in the 1700-m-deep borehole KLX02 in Laxemar, Sweden. The rock resistivity was measured with the slimhole Dual Laterolog from Antares. The groundwater resistivity was measured with the Difference Flow Meter from Posiva. A formation factor log was obtained with the maximum vertical resolution of 10 cm. In order to validate the log, 100 rock samples were taken from the bore core, and a formation factor log was obtained by using electrical methods in the laboratory. Both direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) were used. The measurements on the core confirmed that the in situ log was quantitative, but with a possible systematic error. The in situ formation factors were on average about 1/3 to 1/5 of the laboratory formation factors, depending on depth.     

Economics and Land-Use Change in Prioritizing Private Land Conservation

Abstract:  Incentive-based strategies such as conservation easements and short-term management agreements are popular tools for conserving biodiversity on private lands. Billions of dollars are spent by government and private conservation organizations to support land conservation. Although much of conservation biology focuses on reserve design, these methods are often ineffective at optimizing the protection of biological benefits for conservation programs. Our review of the recent literature on protected-area planning identifies some of the reasons why. We analyzed the site-selection process according to three important components: biological benefits, land costs, and likelihood of land-use change. We compared our benefit-loss-cost targeting approach with more conventional strategies that omit or inadequately address either land costs or likelihood of land-use change. Our proposed strategy aims to minimize the expected loss in biological benefit due to future land-use conversion while considering the full or partial costs of land acquisition. The implicit positive correlation between the likelihood of land-use conversion and cost of land protection means high-vulnerability sites with suitable land quality are typically more expensive than low-vulnerability sites with poor land quality. Therefore, land-use change and land costs need to be addressed jointly to improve spatial targeting strategies for land conservation. This approach can be extended effectively to land trusts and other institutions implementing conservation programs.     

人类转录因子样新基因TFL76的初步研究

运用基于基因组数据库特定基因同源基因的克隆策略得到人类新基因TFL76 ,它编码 12个C2 H2 型锌指基序 .其cDNA序列长 2 2 6 8bp,预测的编码蛋白含 6 77个氨基酸 ,分子量 (Mr)为 76× 10 3 .生物信息学分析表明 ,TFL76的N末端含有多种蛋白激酶的磷酸化位点和核定位信号 ,具有转录因子的特征 .染色体定位为 19q13.4 ,此位点存在很多与癌症相关的基因 .对 9.5d和 10 .5d的鼠胚进行全胚原位杂交 ,结果表明 ,此基因在前肢芽和后肢芽表达较高 .图 5表 1参 5     

Estimating the Effect of Protected Lands on the Development and Conservation of Their Surroundings

Abstract:  The fate of private lands is widely seen as key to the fate of biodiversity in much of the world. Organizations that work to protect biodiversity on private lands often hope that conservation actions on one piece of land will leverage the actions of surrounding landowners. Few researchers have, however, examined whether protected lands do in fact encourage land conservation nearby or how protected lands affect development in the surrounding landscape. Using spatiotemporal data sets on land cover and land protection for three sites (western North Carolina, central Massachusetts, and central Arizona), we examined whether the existence of a protected area correlates with an increased rate of nearby land conservation or a decreased rate of nearby land development. At all sites, newly protected conservation areas tended to cluster close to preexisting protected areas. This may imply that the geography of contemporary conservation actions is influenced by past decisions on land protection, often made for reasons far removed from concerns about biodiversity. On the other hand, we found no evidence that proximity to protected areas correlates with a reduced rate of nearby land development. Indeed, on two of our three sites the development rate was significantly greater in regions with more protected land. This suggests that each conservation action should be justified and valued largely for what is protected on the targeted land, without much hope of broader conservation leverage effects.     

The status of beaches and shoreline development options on the French Riviera: a perspective and a prognosis

Beach conservation and management on the high-value French Riviera in southeastern France have had mixed fortunes in shoreline economic development strategies over the past half century. Prior to 1965, socio-economic growth related to immigration and tourism resulted in considerable pressure on the coastal zone, leading in particular to beach erosion and degradation of beach environmental quality. Between 1965 and 1980, over 20% of the 132 km-long French Riviera was permanently altered through the implantation of yachting harbours and reclamation fill structures, while beach-based recreation had a rather low ranking as a development choice, except in the two major resorts of Cannes and Nice which exhibit a densely urbanized seafront. On this preponderantly boldrocky coast, the mediocre recreational value inherited by many of the beaches from the regional geologic setting, and from development pressures and earlier errors in coastal management, left them vulnerable to appropriation and so-called ‘valorization’ by yachting harbour and estate developers. Over the last decade, artificial shoreline development has virtually ceased, in response to several more or less interrelated factors. These include relative stagnation of socio-economic growth, increasing development and maintenance costs of yachting harbours, saturation of the yachting harbour market as a result of the burgeoning of new, often cheaper, resorts and of reconversion of commercial and shipbuilding ports to leisure ports in the Mediterranean, more stringent legislation, since 1986, on the implantation of residential and major engineering structures on the coastline, pressure for conservation of the cultural and environmental heritage, and greater demand for beach recreational space. This situation has forced a diversification of shore-based activities, as it has been realised that better managed beaches may balance economic aspirations while contributing to enhanced environmental quality and sensible shoreline conservation. This change in strategy has entailed considerable efforts and money on the improvement of coastal water quality, the provision of amenities for beach-goers, and especially the nourishment of eroding beaches and the creation of several artificial beaches. The extent to which beaches will continue to play a role in the sustainable development of French Riviera resorts will depend largely on the capacity of local authorities to maintain environmental quality in the face of inherited and persistent handicaps such as beach erosion.     

地下水铅污染修复技术应用与研究进展

铅是地下水重金属污染中的主要元素,目前的修复技术主要分为物理屏蔽法、抽出处理法和原位修复法。抽出处理法包括物理、化学和生物的方法,原位修复法是目前该领域的主要研究方向,包括渗透反应格栅、生物修复以及动电处理技术等。文章介绍了铅污染的主要来源及对环境和人体造成的危害,结合近几年国内外有关地下水铅污染的主要科研成果,对各种修复技术的原理、优缺点进行了综合的述评,并对今后的研究方向提出了一点建议。