产氢反应器内两种发酵类型细菌的种群结构与发酵特征

通过改变CSTR系统内pH值,启动发酵类型由乙醇型向丁酸型转化,研究了转化前后系统内产氢动态和细菌群落变迁.结果表明,在有机负荷不变的情况下,启动发酵类型转化15d后,系统内种群由乙醇型转化为丁酸型,消耗碱度量由350mg.L-1增至1720mg.L-1,平均比产氢速率由21.2mol.kg-.1d-1降低至11.1mol.kg-.1d-1.荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)对反应系统内3类微生物群的监测结果表明,未启动转化时,肠杆菌、梭菌Ⅰ、Ⅱ和梭菌Ⅺ的相对丰度分别为22%、48%和30%,转化结束后,3类细菌的相对丰度为19%、24%和55%.     

固定底物酶底物法与多管发酵法和快速纸片法测定水中粪大肠菌群(耐热大肠菌群)的比较

采用酶底物法和多管发酵法及快速纸片法,比对分析了分组环境水样中的大肠菌群,采用无菌水和标准菌种ATCC 25922(大肠埃希菌)标准菌种检验3种方法的假阳性率与假阴性率,结果表明,固定底物酶底物法与多管发酵法用于水中粪大肠菌群(耐热大肠菌群)检测结果具有一致性。     

黑水虻对三种病原菌的杀灭作用研究

畜牧业的蓬勃发展带来了愈发严重的畜禽粪便病原菌污染问题,黑水虻作为一种重要的资源昆虫,其幼虫能有效杀灭畜禽粪便中的病原菌,并生产出有价值的附加产品.为探究黑水虻幼虫杀灭畜禽粪便中病原菌的具体规律和机制,开展了黑水虻幼虫杀灭大肠杆菌O157∶H7(Escherichia coli O157∶H7)、沙门氏菌(Salmon...     

黄顶菊入侵对土壤磷细菌多样性的影响

采用选择性培养基和rep—PCR聚类分析等手段,通过盆栽试验,研究了入侵植物黄顶菊对土壤中磷细菌多样性的影响。结果表明,黄顶菊入侵后增加了土壤中无机磷和有机磷细菌的数量,入侵后其数量分别为人侵前的1．17倍和1．08倍。rep—PCR基因指纹分析结果显示,黄顶菊入侵前土壤磷细菌包含19个聚类群,其中无机磷细菌10个聚类群,有机磷细菌9个聚类群;入侵后土壤磷细菌包含22个聚类群,其中无机磷细菌11个聚类群,有机磷细菌11个聚类群。多样性分析结果表明,黄顶菊入侵后土壤中无机磷细菌的丰富度指数、香农一威纳多样性指数分别为11和2．369,高于入侵前的10和2．303;有机磷细菌的丰富度指数、香农一威纳多样性指数分别为11和2．398,高于入侵前的9和2．197,而2种细菌的物种均匀度指数基本不变。本文从土壤微生态学的角度初步探讨了黄顶菊入侵对土壤微生物群落中磷细菌的影响,为进一步研究黄顶菊入侵的地下化感机制和竞争机制提供一定的理论依据。     

崇明东滩夏冬季表层沉积物细菌多样性研究

以长江口崇明东滩高、中、低潮滩夏、冬两季表层沉积物中基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增样品中细菌16S rRNA基因V3区片段,通过克隆、测序,构建相应基因文库.系统发育分析结果表明,崇明东滩高、中、低潮滩表层沉积物共包含12个主要门类的细菌:变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(α-、β-、γ-、δ-和ε-亚群)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、螺旋体门(Spirochaetes)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、绿菌门(Chlorobi)、网团菌门(Dictyoglomi)、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae),此外还存在大量未被认知的序列.中潮滩和低潮滩的优势菌为变形菌,高潮滩的优势菌为拟杆菌.DOTUR多样性分析结果表明,崇明中潮滩细菌多样性最高,低潮滩次之,高潮滩最低;夏季细菌多样性高于冬季.夏、冬两季细菌群落差异高潮滩最大,低潮滩次之,中潮滩最小.     

低氧条件下好氧型微生物降解煤吸附甲烷实验

为了研究好氧型微生物对低氧气浓度环境条件下煤吸附甲烷的降解效能,培养、分离、初步鉴定了高效降解甲烷的好氧型甲烷氧化菌。并在高压容量法瓦斯吸附-解吸装置的基础上,自主开发了低氧环境下甲烷降解实验分析系统,研究了氧气浓度为0%、5%和15%三种条件下甲烷氧化菌的降解效能,通过对实验前后甲烷减少量,二氧化碳增加量,氧气减少量进行分析。结果表明:在氧气浓度（0%~15%）范围内,随着氧气浓度升高及降解时间的持续,甲烷的减少量可达130.5 cm3,二氧化碳的增加量最高可达25.7 cm3,同时最多消耗69.0 cm3氧气;在无氧条件下,好氧型甲烷氧化菌的生理活性受到了一定的限制,但最高仍然可以降解11.9 cm3的甲烷,生成二氧化碳3.5 cm3。     

生物沥浸去除污泥重金属及改善脱水性能研究

从天然矿山酸性废水中富集制备了3种嗜酸性细菌混培物,开展了污泥生物沥浸实验,研究了沥浸去除污泥重金属(Cu、Zn、Cd)同时改善脱水性能的效果.结果表明,3种嗜酸性细菌混培物均可有效去除污泥中的重金属(P<0.01).沥浸12d后,改进型Starkey培养基富集的嗜酸性细菌混培物对Cu和Cd的去除率分别达到82.0%和82.9%,9K培养基富集的嗜酸性细菌混培物进行生物沥浸处理对Zn的去除率可达到87.5%.同时,生物沥浸还可以显著改善污泥的脱水性能(P<0.01).经过12d沥浸,污泥的离心脱水率可由73.1%上升到90.0%.显微观察和能谱分析结果显示,污泥脱水性能的改善是因为生物沥浸能使污泥结构由絮体状变成明显的颗粒状,并可形成以铁、氧和硫为主要元素组成的次生矿物规则晶体.     

Hydrocarbons contamination and microbial degradation in mangrove sediments of the Niger Delta region (Nigeria)

The distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and their degradability by bacteria in epipelic and benthic sediments from Qua Iboe Estuary mangrove ecosystem and associated creeks were investigated. The research findings revealed that total aliphatic hydrocarbons in sediments ranged from 16.82 mg·kg ^?1 to 210 mg kg ^?1, wheras total PAHs ranged from 6.30 to 35.55 mg·kg ^?1 dry weight of sediment. Low molecular mass (i.e. the 2–3-ring) PAHs were predominant in almost all the sampling points, whereas the higher molecular masses (4-, 5- and 6-ring PAHs) had the lowest concentrations. In general, the sediment samples ES ₂ (39.7%), ES ₃ (24.8%), BS ₁ (46.7%), BS ₂ (49.9%) and BS ₃ (44.2%) showed<50% contributions of Σ combustion–derived PAH (COMP-PAH) concentration to the Σ PAH concentrations, whereas ES ₁ (57%) contained>50% of COMP-PAHs. Our results have also shown that many mangrove bacteria have strong capacity to utilise Qua Iboe Light (QL) crude oil as the sole source of carbon and energy, while lower number of bacterial species including Bacillus sp., Micrococcus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Alcaligenes sp. and Flavobacterium sp. exhibited detectable PAHs degradability; and as such may serve as efficient degraders of QL crude oil contamination of mangrove ecosystem.     

Presence of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in the gills of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in a contaminated environment: a mesoscale simulation study

A number of previous studies have shown that the relationships of symbiosis existing between mussels and microorganisms are directly dependent on the environmental conditions. However, little is known about existing relationships between mussels and bacteria in hydrocarbon-impacted marine environments. The aim of this preliminary study is to investigate the presence of oil-degrading bacteria in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis during growth in polluted ecosystems. All the experiments were carried out in a mesocosm system designed to simulate chronic pollution and to enable direct exposure of mussels to chemicals. Quantitative (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, colony-forming units, Most Probable Number) analyses and screening (presence/absence) of metabolic functional genes were performed to analyse bacterial populations inside the gills of mussels exposed and not exposed to hydrocarbons. The data obtained show that the presence of hydrocarbons affected the abundance of bacteria inside the gills of specimens and determines selection for specific (hydrocarbon-degrading) bacteria (i.e. Alcanivorax sp. and Marinobacter sp.). However, is not yet clear whether the presence of such genera of bacteria inside the mussel is due to symbiosis or as a result of filtration.     

Mutagenic activity of transition‐metal complexes: Relation structure‐mutagenic and antibacterial activity for some Pd(II), Pt(II) and Rh(I) complexes†

The inhibitory and mutagenic action of some Pd(II), Pt(II) and Rh(I) complexes towards various bacterial strains has been evaluated, and some correlations have been found between the chemical behaviour of the complexes and their selective biological activity: most of the complexes cause only a DNA damage repaired by the excision repair system. Particularly, the Rh(I) complexes used in this work show selective antibacterial effects on defective but no effect on wild‐type strains.