Isolation and characterization of gasoline-degrading bacteria from gas station leaking-contaminated soils

The effects of culture conditions in vitro and biosurfactant detection were studied on bacterial strains capable of degrading gasoline from contaminated soils near gas station. The main results were summarized as follows. Three bacteria （strains Q10, Q14 and Q18） that were considered as efficiently degrading strains were isolated and identified as Pseudomonas sp., Flavobaeterium sp. and Rhodococcus sp., respectively. The optimal growth conditions of three bacteria including pH, temperature and the concentration of gasoline were similar. The reduction in surface tension was observed with all the three bacteria, indicating the production of biosurfactant compounds. The value of surface tension reduced by the three strains Q10, Q14 and Q18 was 32.6 mN.m, 12.4 mN. m and 21.9 mN.m, respectively. Strain Q10 could be considered as a potential biosurfactant producer. Gasoline, diesel oil, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene （BTEX） could easily be degraded by the three isolates. The consortium was more effective than the individual cultures in degrading added gasoline, diesel oil, and BTEX. These results indicate that these strains have great potential for in situ remediation of soils contaminated by gas station leaking.     

杭州湾北岸奉贤水域大肠菌群和异养细菌的生态分布

通过2004年夏季对杭州湾奉贤水域有关微生物及其环境因子的检测,分析研究该水域大肠菌群、异养细菌的生态分布特征、污染程度及其与环境因子的相互关系。结果表明,该水域均不同程度地受大肠菌群和异养细菌的污染,其中大肠菌群在50~1700/L,属于国家二级海水,呈现近陆断面高于远陆断面的分布特征;异养细菌丰度在2.3×103~1.6×105/mL,应属于中度污染,呈现远陆断面高于近陆断面的分布特征。该水域浮游植物总数量平均值为1043.70×104/m3。通过对环境因子相关性分析发现,大肠菌群和异养细菌总数与叶绿素a有明显的正相关性,其相关系数分别为0.73和0.6179。     

解磷细菌Klebsiella sp. M2钝化重金属及阻控小麦吸收Cd和Pb效应

解磷微生物能够将土壤中难溶性的磷转化为可供植物吸收的磷,同时可溶性磷酸盐也能与重金属结合生成沉淀,降低土壤中有效态重金属的含量,进而阻控作物对重金属的吸收,在重金属污染土壤修复中发挥着重要的作用. 通过溶液培养试验研究解磷细菌Klebsiella sp. M2固定Cd和Pb以及释放PO₄^3-的规律,并通过盆栽试验探究菌株M2对小麦吸收Cd和Pb的影响及其微生物学机制. 结果显示,菌株M2通过细胞壁吸附和诱导磷酸盐沉淀降低溶液中Cd和Pb的浓度,并增加溶液中PO₄^3-的浓度. 盆栽试验表明,与不接菌和接灭活菌M2对照相比,接种活菌株M2后能够显著提高（123%~293%）土壤Ca₂-P和Ca₈-P的含量,降低小麦根际土壤中DTPA-Cd（34.48%）和DTPA-Pb（36.72%）的含量,进而阻控小麦籽粒对Cd和Pb的富集. 此外,高通量测序结果表明,菌株M2显著提高了小麦根际细菌群落的多样性,提高了小麦根际土壤中Proteobacteria、Gemmatimonadetes和Bacteroidota的相对丰度,同时增加小麦根际土壤中具有重金属固定和解磷促生特性细菌的相对丰度（主要为Sphingomonas、Nocardioides、Bacillus、Gemmatimonas和Enterobacter）,而这些菌属在钝化重金属和阻控小麦吸收重金属的过程中发挥了重要作用. 研究结果可为重金属污染农田的生物修复提供菌种资源和理论依据.     

长江三角洲地区城市污泥的综合生物毒性研究

运用发光细菌法对我国长江三角洲地区16个城市中54个污泥样品的综合急性生物毒性进行了测定,并以毒性较为稳定的HgCl2作为参比毒物,以发光细菌抑光率、相当标准毒物HgCl2质量浓度及百分数等级比较法毒性划分标准评价城市污泥的毒性。结果表明,供试的不需稀释测定毒性的城市污泥中,有13个是剧毒的,占样品总数30．95％;需稀释测定毒性的城市污泥中,毒性等级为Ⅰ级的8个,占样品总数66．67％。长江三角洲地区城市污泥大部分有较高的综合急性生物毒性,这与含多种高量的有毒重金属有关。城市污泥对发光细菌毒性的大小与城市污泥来源、污水处理工艺及污泥类型等因素有关。上海地区的污泥毒性大于江苏和浙江地区;42个毒性较小的污泥中,大部分氧化沟处理的城市污泥的毒性要大于A^2／O（厌氧-缺氧／好氧）处理的,12个毒性较大的污泥中处理工艺多为活性污泥处理与A^2／O处理;大部分以生活污水和混流污水为主的城市污泥毒性要高于以工业污水为主的城市污泥。     

耐酸砷还原菌Bacillus sp.strain P3-23的分离鉴定及其对高砷土壤砷释放影响

砷还原微生物在原生高砷地下水形成中起关键作用,研究其对不同环境因素改变的响应以及对砷迁移与转化的影响是十分必要的.从石门土壤中分离得到一株耐酸砷还原菌,研究其形态和生理生化特征,通过分子生物学和微生物学手段对其进行系统分类和生理生化特性鉴定,并使用微生物学方法在不同温度、pH值和电子供体条件下进行培养,探究其对环境因素...     

利用光合细菌降解有机废水中硫化物的初步研究

主要研究了光合细菌对废水中硫化物的降解作用，实验表明，光合细菌对各种浓度的含硫有机废水脱硫效果明显，且在厌氧光照条件下处理效果更好，因此，可望利用光合细菌去除污水中的硫。     

印染废水处理工艺改造及其效益分析

通过实验数据分析,对本源微生物菌剂处理印染废水的有效性进行了检验。在此基础上,确定了先生物处理后絮凝的处理方式。进而分析了印染废水原处理工艺中存在的问题,并对其进行了改造,即:以本源微生物菌剂为母菌接种于印染废水中,并结合生物铁填料对其进行处理。工艺改造成功启动后,稳定运行结果显示:复合生化池和接触氧化池的处理工艺对色度和COD的平均去除率分别为:55.69%、55.63%和78.53%、78.21%;出水pH、色度和COD的平均值分别为6.6、13倍和93 mg/L,全部满足标准要求。该工艺大大减少了污泥量,且降低了处理费用。     

丝状菌对生物淋滤去除底泥中重金属的促进作用

利用氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,A.f)对采自株洲霞湾港底泥中的Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn 4种重金属进行生物淋滤实验,在实验中加入丝状菌考察其对重金属去除效果的影响。结果表明,丝状菌可以有效抑制低分子量有机酸对A.f的毒害作用,促进各种重金属的去除。当加入10%(体积比)的丝状菌后,生物淋滤过程中系统pH值在5 d内降低到2以下,Fe2+在4 d内完全氧化。经过10 d的处理,Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn 4种重金属的最高去除率分别达到76.3%、92.5%、52.6%和88.5%,与不加入丝状菌的处理相比,达到最大去除率所需的时间缩短1~2 d,4种重金属中,丝状菌的加入对Pb的去除促进作用最为明显,其去除率增加1倍左右。因此,在生物淋滤处理重金属-有机物复合污染底泥工艺中接入丝状菌对处理效果有很好的促进作用。     

光合细菌(PSB)处理明胶废水中填料挂膜性能研究

分别以纤维填料和毛刷填料为载体,采用优势菌种挂膜法,利用光合细菌处理明胶生产过程中产生的磷钙废水。两种填料表现出不同的挂膜效果,综合比较二者的挂膜时间、最终COD去除率和TP含量后得出毛刷填料挂膜性能优于纤维填料,其挂膜时间为23 d,最终COD去除率和TP含量分别达到93%,2.8 mg/L,在磷钙水处理中有适应性。通过对2种填料的电镜分析,发现纤维填料表面挂膜前后没有变化且十分光滑,而毛刷填料挂膜前表面粗糙,挂膜后表面有鳞片状突起,粗糙的表面状况有利于光合细菌的附着,最终促进生物膜功效的发挥。废水中Ca2+和pH是影响填料挂膜的主要因素。     

Tracking Cholera in Coastal Regions Using Satellite Observations1

Jutla, Antarpreet S., Ali S. Akanda, and Shafiqul Islam, 2010. Tracking Cholera in Coastal Regions Using Satellite Observations. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 651-662. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00448.x Abstract: Cholera remains a significant health threat across the globe. The pattern and magnitude of the seven global pandemics suggest that cholera outbreaks primarily originate in coastal regions and then spread inland through secondary means. Cholera bacteria show strong association with plankton abundance in coastal ecosystems. This review study investigates the relationship(s) between cholera incidence and coastal processes and explores utility of using remote sensing data to track coastal plankton blooms, using chlorophyll as a surrogate variable for plankton abundance, and subsequent cholera outbreaks. Most studies over the last several decades have primarily focused on the microbiological and epidemiological understanding of cholera outbreaks. Accurate identification and mechanistic understanding of large scale climatic, geophysical, and oceanic processes governing cholera-chlorophyll relationship is important for developing cholera prediction models. Development of a holistic understanding of these processes requires long and reliable chlorophyll datasets, which are beginning to be available through satellites. We have presented a schematic pathway and a modeling framework that relate cholera with various hydroclimatic and oceanic variables for understanding disease dynamics using the latest advances in remote sensing. Satellite data, with its unprecedented spatial and temporal coverage, have potentials to monitor coastal processes and track cholera outbreaks in endemic regions.