Differences in nitrite-oxidizing communities and kinetics in a brackish environment after enrichment at low and high nitrite concentrations

Nitrite accumulation in shrimp ponds can pose serious adverse effects to shrimp production and the environment.This study aims to develop an effective process for the enrichment of ready-to-use nitrite-oxidizing bacteria(NOB)inocula that would be appropriate for nitrite removal in brackish shrimp ponds.To achieve this objective,the effects of nitrite concentrations on NOB communities and nitrite oxidation kinetics in a brackish environment were investigated.Moving-bed biofilm sequencing batch reactors and continuous moving-bed biofilm reactors were used for the enrichment of NOB at various nitrite concentrations,using sediment from brackish shrimp ponds as seed inoculum.The results from NOB population analysis with quantitative polymerase chain reaction(q PCR)show that only Nitrospira were detected in the sediment from the shrimp ponds.After the enrichment,both Nitrospira and Nitrobacter coexisted in the reactors controlling effluent nitrite at 0.1 and 0.5 mg-NO_2~--N/L.On the other hand,in the reactors controlling effluent nitrite at 3,20,and 100 mg-NO_2~--N/L,Nitrobacter outcompeted Nitrospira in many orders of magnitude.The half saturation coefficients(Ks)for nitrite oxidation of the enrichments at low nitrite concentrations(0.1 and 0.5 mg-NO_2~--N/L)were in the range of 0.71–0.98 mg-NO_2~--N/L.In contrast,the Ksvalues of NOB enriched at high nitrite concentrations(3,20,and 100 mg-NO_2~--N/L)were much higher(8.36–12.20 mg-NO_2~--N/L).The results suggest that the selection of nitrite concentrations for the enrichment of NOB inocula can significantly influence NOB populations and kinetics,which could affect the effectiveness of their applications in brackish shrimp ponds.     

铸造废砂的环境毒性研究

采用毒性特性浸出程序、顶空气相色谱技术检测了5种铸造废砂中的重金属与有机污染物,采用发光细菌毒性检测技术和土壤酶活性实验研究了废砂的生物效应.结果表明,由于浇注金属与造型材料的不同,5种铸造废砂中的金属与有机污染物成分和浓度均有较大差异.其中,铸铁与铸钢废砂浸出液中的铁离子,铸铝废砂中的As离子超出了《地表水环境标准》规定的最大允许检出浓度.5种废砂中的有机污染物种类十分复杂,对发光细菌表现出不同程度的抑菌活性,发光强度的抑制率在30%～95%之间.此外,土壤酶活性实验结果表明,废砂中的金属污染物可能会抑制土壤中微生物的活性,而有机物则对土壤微生物的活性有一定的促进作用.因此,铸造废砂的随意排放将会对环境造成较严重的威胁.     

耐盐石油烃降解菌的筛选鉴定及其特性研究

为得到高效耐盐石油烃降解菌,从黄河三角洲石油污染盐渍化土壤中分离出39株细菌,经液体培养初筛和土壤培养复筛实验,得到1株高效耐盐石油烃降解菌BM38.通过形态特征、生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列分析,确定该菌为恶臭假单胞菌（Pseudomonas putida）.通过液体培养实验,研究了BM38的耐盐和产生物表面活性剂特性以及对不同烃的利用能力.结果表明,在含0.5%～6.0%NaCl液体培养基中BM38生长良好,属中度耐盐菌.在高盐环境下BM38具有较强的分解石油烃能力,其中在含1.0%NaCl液体培养基中,降解7 d后,原油降解率达到73.5%;在含盐量0.22%和0.61%土壤中添加BM38,降解40 d后,土壤总石油烃降解率达到40%以上.BM38能产生一种生物乳化剂,盐浓度对这种乳化剂的乳化能力影响较大,当NaCl浓度增加到1.0%,乳化值（EI24）开始迅速降低,但在NaCl浓度为2.0%时,EI24仍达到61.0%.BM38能够利用环己烷、甲苯、异辛烷、菲和正十六烷为唯一碳源生长,其中对正构烷烃和芳烃具有较强的利用能力.     

回灌渗滤液C/N对填埋垃圾生物反应器反硝化特性的影响

利用模拟填埋垃圾生物反应器（landfill bioreactor）研究了回灌渗滤液C/N对填埋垃圾堆体反硝化性能的影响,并采用PCR扩增、克隆测序等分子生物学技术,以功能基因nirS为分子标记考察了4次回灌过程中反应器内反硝化微生物群落结构变化.结果表明,回灌渗滤液的COD/NO 3--N比例对反应器的反硝化活性具有显著性影响.当COD/NO 3--N从3.11提高到13.08时,反应器内硝酸盐还原速率可从1.14 mg.（kg.h）-1提高到11.40 mg.（kg.h）-1.当回灌渗滤液生物可利用性COD与NO 3--N比值达到6.37时,可以实现填埋垃圾生物反应器反硝化作用的快速、稳定运行.4次回灌,反应器内的反硝化微生物大部分与β-变形菌纲（β-proteobacteria）细菌相似,少数属于非培养微生物（uncultured bacteria）,其中Thiobacillus denitrificans和Azoarcus tolulyticus是反硝化过程的主要功能微生物,在回灌渗滤液反硝化过程中可能发挥着重要作用.     

化学杀菌剂处理油田回注水的应用研究

目前油田进行的二次采油,需要向油井注入大量的回注水。回注水管道中含有大量硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)、腐生菌(TGB)和铁细菌(FB)等,其生长、代谢和繁殖易引起金属管道腐蚀,影响了油田正常生产。本文选取大庆油田回注水,用化学杀菌剂进行处理。结果表明化学杀菌剂处理油田回注水的合适应用条件是:pH值为5.0～9.5;对聚驱水采用异噻唑啉酮,采用均匀式加药方式,投加量为120mg/L,每3天加药一次;对水驱采用1227-异噻唑啉酮,每15天冲击加药一次,投加量为80mg/L。在此条件下,对于聚驱水杀菌率硫酸盐还原菌为99.99%,腐生菌和铁细菌100%;对于水驱水杀菌率硫酸盐还原菌可达100%,腐生菌99.99%,铁细菌99.99%。     

利用有机物厌氧发酵生物制氢的研究进展

主要介绍利用有机物厌氧发酵生物制氢工艺的基本原理和主要途径,并对国内外在厌氧生物制氢领域内的研究现状进行了综述,对厌氧生物制氢在未来的进一步发展进行了分析和展望。     

Nitrogen removal from wastewater and bacterial diversity in activated sludge at different COD/N ratios and dissolved oxygen concentrations

The impact of the organic carbon to nitrogen ratio (chemical oxygen demand (COD)/N) in wastewater and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration on carbon and nitrogen removal efficiency, and total bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) communities in activated sludge in constantly aerated sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) was determined. At DO of 0.5 and 1.5 mg O₂/L during the aeration phase, the efficiency of ammonia oxidation exceeded 90%, with nitrates as the main product. Nitrification and denitrification achieved under the same operating conditions suggested the simultaneous course of these processes. The most effective nitrogen elimination (above 50%) was obtained at the COD/N ratio of 6.8 and DO of 0.5 mg O₂/L. Total bacterial diversity was similar in all experimental series, however, for both COD/N ratios of 6.8 and 0.7, higher values were observed at DO of 0.5 mg O₂/L. The diversity and abundance of AOB were higher in the reactors with the COD/N ratio of 0.7 in comparison with the reactors with the COD/N of 6.8. For both COD/N ratios applied, the AOB population was not affected by oxygen concentration. Amplicons with sequences indicating membership of the genus Nitrosospira were the determinants of variable technological conditions.     

含硫酸盐有机废水的厌氧生物处理

本文对硫酸盐在废水的厌氧生物处理过程中的影响进行了综述.着重论述了厌氧消化中硫酸盐还原菌和产甲烷茵竞争基质的机理,硫化物对甲烷菌的抑制作用,并介绍含硫酸盐废水的处理工艺,及厌氧出水中硫化物去除的方法.     

一株处理含对苯二甲酸废水的工程菌的构建

采用染色体ＤＮＡ转化原生质球的方法，构建一株处理含ＰＴＡ废水的工程菌ＬＥＹ３。ＬＥＹ３能同时降解６种化合物：ＰＴＡ，萘，苯甲酸，十六烷，乙二醇，甲醇。用ＬＥＹ３对含ＰＴＡ生产废水作降解试验，ＣＯＤ的去除率在６６％￣９１％之间。     

青岛近海不同天气下生物气溶胶中细菌浓度及存活率分布特征

细菌是大气生物气溶胶中最丰富、分布最广的微生物.利用FA-1撞击式生物采样器连续采集了2020年9月至2021年8月青岛近海大气生物气溶胶分级样品,并利用BacLight^TM试剂染色-荧光显微镜计数方法测定了死/活细菌浓度,分析其浓度与粒径的季节分布特征,并研究了雾、霾和沙尘等特殊天气对细菌浓度及粒径分布的影响.结果表明,采样期间青岛近海生物气溶胶中细菌浓度为(1.06±0.68)×10⁵ cells·m^-3,其中活细菌和死细菌浓度分别为(8.20±4.88)×10³ cells·m^-3和(9.74±6.72)×10⁴ cells·m^-3.细菌浓度分布具有季节差异,死细菌浓度春季、冬季最高,夏季最低;活细菌浓度则变现为春季最高,夏季和秋季较低,冬季最低.生物气溶胶中细菌浓度随月份存在变化,死细菌月均浓度最高值和最低值分别出现在2021年春季3月和夏季6月,而活细菌月均浓度最高值则出现在2021年春季5月,最低值在2020年冬季12月....