黔"西电东送"的电力供给与市场需求可靠性分析

贵州省经济发展滞后,但电力资源丰富。发展电力,将贵州省的能源资源优势转化为经济优势,是振兴贵州经济的希望所在。结合贵州西电东送的优势,从供给与需求出发分析了"黔电送粤"的市场可靠性,以及西电东送对贵州经济的拉动作用。     

ABR-MBR反硝化除磷工艺的启动及稳定运行

以低C/N值生活污水为处理对象,重点考察了以厌氧/缺氧(A/A)运行的ABR耦合好氧MBR系统启动过程中脱氮除磷特性及系统长期运行的稳定性.结果表明,控制ABR容积负荷(VLR)为0. 8 kg·(m3·d)-1,污泥回流比为80%,硝化液回流比从150%逐步提升稳定至300%,反硝化除磷功能区污泥停留时间(sludge retention time,SRT)为25 d,MBR溶解氧(DO)为1～2 mg·L~(-1),温度为30℃±2℃,于46 d成功富集了反硝化聚磷菌(denitrifying phosphorus bacteria,DPBs),净释磷量为20. 56 mg·L~(-1),净吸磷量达到27. 74 mg·L~(-1),批次实验表明约84. 8%的聚磷菌(PAOs)能够利用NO-3-N作为电子受体进行反硝化除磷.启动成功后稳定运行50 d,对COD、NH+4-N、TN和PO_4~(3-)-P的平均去除率分别为91. 8%、99. 0%、71. 5%和94. 2%,系统缺氧反硝化除磷去除1 mg·L~(-1)的PO_4~(3-)-P,同步消耗约0. 83 mg·L~(-1)的NO-3-N,满足同步脱氮除磷的要求.     

曝气参数对短程硝化的影响及氮素等高线分析

采用间歇曝气SBR工艺处理实际生活污水,在温度为（26±0.5）℃,pH值为（7.2±0.2）时,考察曝气强度和曝气密度两种曝气参数对实现稳定短程硝化的影响,设计批次试验采用等高线及其剖面图探究NH₄⁺-N去除率（ARE）和NO₂^--N积累率（NiAR）.结果表明：控制曝气密度为12时,高曝气强度（2L/（L×h））下,可实现67.10%的ARE和95%的NiAR;控制曝气强度为2L/（L×h）,在曝气密度分别为6、8和12时,ARE分别在40、37、22周期达到71.40%、52.36%和59.60%,NiAR分别增大至98.94%、96.72%和98.20%.对批次试验结果进行等高线分析,曝气强度和曝气密度均会对ARE和NiAR有影响,在曝气强度为和曝气密度分别为2L/（L×h）和15时,ARE和NiAR分别高达77%和99%.     

Potential Economic Impacts of Environmental Flows Following a Possible Listing of Endangered Texas Freshwater Mussels

Texas water resources, already taxed by drought and population growth, could be further stressed by possible listings of endangered aquatic species. This study estimated potential economic impacts of environmental flows (EFs) for five freshwater unionid mussels in three Central Texas basins (Brazos, Colorado, and Guadalupe‐San Antonio Rivers) that encompass 36% of Texas (~246,000 km²). A water availability model projected reductions in water supply to power, commercial and industrial, municipal, and agriculture sectors in response to possible EFs for mussels. Single‐year economic impacts were calculated using publicly available data with and without water transfers. Benefits of EFs should also be assessed, should critical habitat be proposed. Potential economic losses were highest during droughts, but were nominal (<$1 M) in wetter years — even with high EFs. Reduced supplies to San Antonio area power plants caused worst‐case impacts of a single‐year shutdown up to $107 million (M) during drought with high EFs. For other sectors in the study area, water transfers reduced worst‐case losses from $80 to $11 M per year. Implementing innovative water management strategies such as water markets, conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater, aquifer storage and recovery could mitigate economic impacts if mussels — or other widely distributed aquatic species — were listed. However, approaches for defining EFs and strategies for mitigating economic impacts of EFs are needed.     

我国城市生活垃圾焚烧处理发展分析

城市生活垃圾焚烧处理的减量化、资源化效果显著,近年来,在我国得到快速发展,逐步成为城市垃圾处理的重要手段。结合当前我国城市生活垃圾焚烧处理现状,分析了城市生活垃圾焚烧处理的环境防护、国家的政策与规划和技术发展方向。     

Temporal-spatial change and driving mechanism for regional difference of domestic tourism in China

By using the variation coefficient,Gini coefficient and Theil coefficient,this paper makes preliminary exploration of temporalspatial change features and driving mechanism for regional differences of domestic tourism in China from 1995 to 2009.According to the results,we drew the following conclusions:(1)The regional difference of domestic tourism in China tends to be narrowing generally,and is less than that of inbound tourism,playing an important role in narrowing the overall gap of regional tourism in China.(2)The regional internal difference features:inter-provincial difference in the eastern region and difference among the eastern,central and western regions are comparatively obvious and demonstrate a significantly shrinking tendency,the change tendency is consistent with the change tendency of overall difference and exercises a decisive role in overall difference,whereas the inter-provincial difference in the central and western regions is small and relatively stable,having less influence on the overall difference.(3)The temporal-spatial change in regional difference is featured by:low-level provinces occupy a majority and are concentrated in the central and western regions,showing a tendency of narrowing difference;high-level provinces are concentrated in the eastern region,showing a tendency of spreading to the central and western regions;spatial pattern of regional difference demonstrates 4 types,i.e."proliferation type","polarization type","quiescence type"and"collapse type."(4)The driving force for regional difference of domestic tourism in China comes down to 3 aspects:regional socio-economic attribute,regional transport accessibility level and regional development policy.     

A Simple Discussion on the Supply and Demand of Water Resources in the Western Region of China

Abstract

We are accustomed to solve the problem of the water scarcity in the western region by the thought of increasing the effective supply of water to meet the needs of Go-west Campaign. After introducing the dynamic equilibrium principle on supply and demand in economy, we find that we should solve the problem of the water scarcity in the western region through reducing total demand to achieve the dynamic equilibrium of supply and demand. Finally water resources in the western region can be enlarged by an accumulated way.     

The Empirical Analysis of the Impacts of Income Distribution Gap on Consumption Demand: Based on the Statistic Data of Chinese Urban Residents in 2000–2010

Abstract

This paper analyzes the impact of income distribution gap on consumption demand from a theoretical view, and draws the conclusion that there is an inverse relationship between income distribution gap and consumption demand. Then, the paper finds that the existing widening income distribution gap in China has a negative impact on consumption demand, but this is not the key factor for the insufficient consumption demand because of the low level of per capital income. At last, it suggests that governments should improve the income level of entire residents and adjust income distribution structure simultaneously.     

化工企业典型保护层中独立保护层的识别研究

按照独立保护层(IPL)独立性、功能性、完整性、可靠性、可审查性、安全许可保护性和变更管理的要求,对化工企业典型保护层进行了IPL识别.结果表明:本质安全设计、工厂和社区应急响应一般不作为IPL;作为IPL,基本过程控制系统(BPCS)应在物理上与安全仪表功能(SIF)分离,并满足要求时失效概率(PFD)的要求,在规定时间内完成所要求的动作;关键报警和人员响应应满足操作人员能得到采取行动的指示或报警,有足够的响应时间,任务应具有单一性和可操作性;SIF应在功能上独立于BPCS,SIF各元件应能及时提供响应,并满足相应SIL要求;物理保护和释放后保护设施应独立于其他IPL,并根据实际运行环境对其PFD进行修正.通过IPL的识别研究,可指导企业在进行保护层分析(LOPA)时正确的进行IPL识别,确保LOPA结果的准确有效.