The importance of the will to improve: how ‘sustainability’ sidelined local livelihoods in a carbon-forestry investment in Uganda

This paper describes a ‘win–win’ discourse on local sustainable development and global climate change mitigation regarding Kachung, a Swedish–Norwegian climate forestry investment in Uganda certified under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). In many ways, this investment is a typical example of how private interests and capital accumulation are prioritised over local concerns in natural resource management under neoliberalism. This study, however, indicated that investors had genuine intentions of creating mutual benefits for the global environment and local people. Drawing on Li (2007), we show that this ‘will to improve’ was nevertheless constructed in ways that resulted in prioritisation of global climate change mitigation over local context-specific concerns.

We identify three core factors making the win–win discourse around Kachung plantation especially resilient: (i) the perceived urgency of climate change mitigation, (ii) the apolitical framing of ‘sustainability’ as an environmental issue that can be fixed through external technical interventions and (iii) the devaluation of local and context-specific knowledge. We end by suggesting that research on the neoliberalisation of nature focus more on analysing the rationales behind specific interventions. This would leave us better equipped to suggest how such interventions should be modified to produce true wins for local contexts.     

黄土区大型露天煤矿土地复垦专家系统的程序设计

介绍了采用智能程序设计语言汉化ＴＵＲＢＯ ＰＲＯＬＧ２．０进行黄土区大型露天煤矿土地复垦专家系统中知识库、推理机、解释机制及知识获取与维护模块的具体程序设计及其实现问题。     

基于BP神经网络在森林防火专家系统不确定推理中的应用研究

提出将改进的BP神经网络应用于森林防火专家系统的不确定性推理中,其良好的自学习和泛化能力,可以解决基于可信度规则的知识表示在实际应用中导致的规则激增,推理速度缓慢的问题。该方法将不确定的知识用可信度区间表示,通过知识编码,设计并训练BP网络,最后用MATLAB进行仿真。实验结果表明:BP神经网络可以自动学习专家的典型经验,并且能将之准确的推广,隐含层神经元个数的确定和典型样本的选取决定了准确精度。在实际的专家系统不确定推理应用中具有应用价值。     

露天煤矿待复垦土地生产潜力评价方法研究

露天煤矿待复垦土地生产潜力评价是编制土地复垦规划的一个重要内容。本文从露天煤矿待复垦土地生产潜力评价的必要性和特殊性出发,分别对评价因子指标定量或定性易量化和定性不易量化等不同类问题进行了评价方法及评价过程的研究,并根据安太堡露天煤矿复垦10年的经验进行了验证。同时,验证的结果应用于生态条件相似的将要开采的安家岭露天煤矿。     

Using Expert Opinion Surveys to Rank Threats to Endangered Species: A Case Study with Sea Turtles

Abstract: Little is known about how specific anthropogenic hazards affect the biology of organisms. Quantifying the effect of regional hazards is particularly challenging for species such as sea turtles because they are migratory, difficult to study, long lived, and face multiple anthropogenic threats. Expert elicitation, a technique used to synthesize opinions of experts while assessing uncertainty around those views, has been in use for several decades in the social science and risk assessment sectors. We conducted an internet‐based survey to quantify expert opinion on the relative magnitude of anthropogenic hazards to sea turtle populations at the regional level. Fisheries bycatch and coastal development were most often ranked as the top hazards to sea turtle species in a geographic region. Nest predation and direct take followed as the second and third greatest threats, respectively. Survey results suggest most experts believe sea turtles are threatened by multiple factors, including substantial at‐sea threats such as fisheries bycatch. Resources invested by the sea turtle community, however, appear biased toward terrestrial‐based impacts. Results from the survey are useful for conservation planning because they provide estimates of relative impacts of hazards on sea turtles and a measure of consensus on the magnitude of those impacts among researchers and practitioners. Our survey results also revealed patterns of expert bias, which we controlled for in our analysis. Respondents with no experience with respect to a sea turtle species tended to rank hazards affecting that sea turtle species higher than respondents with experience. A more‐striking pattern was with hazard‐based expertise: the more experience a respondent had with a specific hazard, the higher the respondent scored the impact of that hazard on sea turtle populations. Bias‐controlled expert opinion surveys focused on threatened species and their hazards can help guide and expedite species recovery plans.     

地理信息系统在环境模型研究中的应用

结合国内外环境信息系统的研究现状和研究实例,首先分析了ＧＩＳ与环境模型研究结合的必要性和ＧＩＳ在环境模型研究中潜在的应用范围,然后剖析了ＧＩＳ与环境模型研究结合的三阶水平并介绍了ＧＩＳ在环境模型研究中的应用现状,最后分析了ＧＩＳ和环境模型研究结合的发展趋势并给出了ＧＩＳ、ＲＳ、ＥＳ与环境模型理想的结合框架。     

发动机综合监控系统的效能评估方法研究

目的提高航空发动机地面维护工作的效率。方法采用融合层次分析法和专家调查法,对新型航空发动机监控系统的实际工作效能评估方法进行研究和分析。结果得出10名专家对该系统效能的评估结果。结论通过分析系统各部分工作能力的效能优劣,建议相关部门不仅要关注发动机监测方法和措施的提高,更要重视监测工作中发现的问题和异常情况的及时反馈,从而提高发动机综合保障能力。     

基于J2EE的城市森林病虫害专家系统研究

基于J2EE的城市森林病虫害专家系统将自然语言理解技术、数据库技术、网络技术以及领域专家的病虫害诊断经验和病虫害的预测与防治技术成果有机地结合起来,可以对城市森林常见病虫害进行预测、诊断和防治。本文讨论了城市森林病虫害的现状并介绍了基于J2EE的城市森林病虫害专家系统的主要应用技术、设计思路、系统功能和结构设计。     

露天煤矿土地复垦适宜性评价专家系统设计

根据大型露煤矿土地复垦适宜性评价的特点，利用可视化语言VC 6．0实现了基于以产生式规则作为知识表达方式的大型露天煤矿土地复垦专家系统的知识库可视化设计。该研究易于应用在具有不同条件下露天矿土地复垦中利用方向和适宜性评价问题。     

基于Internet的大气分布式实时在线可控监测网的应用

主要论述了分布式实时在线可控大气监测网的总体设计、技术要点及解决途径。通过软件的设计策略和数据流图阐明了当前大气监测控制技术向网络化、分布性和互操作性方向发展的特点，结合开发的实例介绍了网络监测技术的应用效果。