德国废物管理立法的制度特色与启示

自然资源的过度消耗和废物排放引起环境退化与污染。资源节约利用和有效的废物管理是循环经济的应有之意。德罾建立了以绿点计划为代表的较为完善的废物回收、循环利用系统。废物再生利用率居世界首位，积累了发展循环经济的有益经验。德国废物管理立法主要有以下制度特色和环境政策蕴涵：“与环境相协调”的环境政策导向，延伸生产者责任，政府与民间社会分工合作的废物管理体制，生产者责任组织的成功运作。立法设定包装物回收、循环利用的目标和时间表，一次性饮料包装的强制性押金制度。     

黄河下游谷子花生间作农田土壤细菌群落结构与功能预测

通过明确谷子花生4:4间作对黄河下游农田土壤细菌群落结构及其多样性的影响,探索农田土壤肥力对谷子花生间作模式响应的微生态变化特性,为促进黄河下游农田生态修复和耕地质量提升提供参考依据.采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术与QIIME 2平台,分析单作谷子(SM)、单作花生(SP)、间作谷子(IM)、间作花生(IP)和谷子花生间作(MP)这5种土壤的细菌群落组成差异及其影响因素,并预测其生态功能.结果表明,间作土壤细菌群落α多样性与单作存在差异,但不显著, β多样性则具有显著差异(P<0.05); 所有土壤样品共获得7081 ASV,划分为34门、109纲、256目、396科、710属和1409种,其中共有的ASV为727个,在5种土壤中占24.5%~27.8%; 谷子花生间作及其单作土壤细菌群落的菌门组成相似,但相对丰度各异; 5种土壤均以放线菌门、变形菌门、酸杆菌门和绿弯菌门为主,相对丰度可达79.40%~81.33%; 土壤有机碳和碱解氮分别是引起5种土壤细菌群落结构门、属水平产生差异的最主要因子; 通过PICRUSt功能预测发现,初级功能新陈代谢的相对丰度最大(78.9%~79.3%),次级功能外源生物降解与代谢的相对丰度波动最大(CV=3.782%); 在BugBase表型方面,间作谷子或花生土壤较相应单作的氧化胁迫耐受细菌相对丰度增加,且间作谷子土壤较单作谷子显著增加(P<0.05); 氧化胁迫耐受、革兰氏阳性及需氧三类表型细菌间两两极显著正相关(P<0.01),且三者均与潜在致病性、革兰氏阴性及厌氧呈极显著负相关(P<0.01).由此可见,谷子花生间作改变了土壤细菌群落多样性、丰富度和代谢功能,存在降低潜在土壤病害发生的可能性,可用于调控土壤微生态环境,以推动黄河下游农田生态修复和农业可持续发展.     

Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia due to anti-P1A1 (anti-hpa-1a): Importance of paternal and fetal platelet typing for assessment of fetal risk

Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT), which usually involves sensitization to P1^A1 (HPA-1a), may have devastating complications for the fetus. These may be prevented by antenatal treatment of severe cases with either maternally administered high-dose gamma-globulin and/or repeated intrauterine platelet transfusions. Determination of the paternal platelet phenotype is useful for counselling parents who have had one or more affected pregnancies. This report of an unaffected pregnancy in a woman with a history of previous pregnancies complicated by NAIT illustrates the role of paternal and fetal platelet phenotyping in managing existing pregnancies at risk of NAIT.     

基于Event模型的冲突风险新算法

鉴于管制过程中对航空器冲突问题发展的研究,对经典事件模型的结构进行改进,用球形曲面间隔层代替传统的平面间隔层,结合扩展碰撞盒概率关系比计算冲突风险,提高了模板与实际航空器运行状态的切合度。并以模拟航空器飞行数据进行仿真,对改进模型的冲突风险与原模型的进行比较评估,结果表明该算法正确。     

我国电子废弃物管理与资源化对策

电子废弃物对人类环境的影响,已成为全球化的问题.通过对发达国家关于电子废弃物管理以及资源化技术的进展回顾,针对我国目前的情况提出相应的对策：制定延伸生产者责任以及有害物质的停用限期的相应法规;建立电子废弃物回收网络体系;通过国家政策和经济的扶持,尽快建立专门处理电子废弃物的机构;加快我国电子废弃物处理技术的步伐,尽快提高现有工艺及设备.     

论疏水絮凝与疏水作用力

1982年Israelachvili和Pashley在Nature期刊上报道了以实验测得的疏水作用力,这一发现使当时的学者们倍感兴奋,激起了一个持续不断的研究.经过30多年的研究,疏水作用力被证明客观存在,并被众多科学家所认可.根据这一发现,经典的DLVO理论应补充疏水作用力,成为扩展的DLVO理论,经典的絮凝理论也应包括疏水絮凝的贡献.迄今疏水絮凝在矿物分选领域已取得了巨大成功,但在水处理领域尚缺乏认识和研究.本文综述了疏水作用力及疏水絮凝的发现,探讨了疏水作用力的热力学解释和微观机理,指出了水处理技术中涉及到的一些疏水絮凝原理,认为水处理工作者应大力开展疏水絮凝的研究,以疏水絮凝的理论进一步推动水处理科学技术的发展.     

基于扩展EKC模型的空气污染省际异质性研究

提出扩展的EKC模型,从经济规模、经济结构和经济强度3个维度,实证研究了经济发展对空气污染影响的省际异质性。研究结果表明:1)约23%的省份不满足EKC模型,且曲线各异:呈双U型、锯齿型、阶梯型等,满足EKC模型的省份,拐点也明显不同。2)经济规模、经济结构、经济强度对空气污染影响的省际异质性均比较大,约19%的省份第二产业占比对空气污染的贡献度远高于其他省,约55%的省份出口贸易变量的系数显著为正。3)3个维度中任一维度的经济发展指标对空气污染的影响均显著,证明了扩展EKC模型的有效性。     

EXPANDING WASTE WATER TREATMENT CONSIDERATIONS AT CORPS OF ENGINEERS RECREATION AREAS1

ABSTRACT. There have been many changes in the waste water treatment requirements at St. Louis District Corps of Engineers projects over the past few years. Discussed are the methods considered for treating these wastes. Extended aeration plant, followed by filtration, is the process used in most of the areas. The treatment plant operators have become key members of the project operation team. A discussion of the Districts operator training program is presented along with the operator's job requirements. Through a Spring inspection of all treatment plants in the District, a mechanism has been provided for encouraging feedback to the design engineer from the operator.     

Behavioural trait assortment in a social network: patterns and implications

The social fine structure of a population plays a central role in ecological and evolutionary processes. Whilst many studies have investigated how morphological traits such as size affect social structure of populations, comparatively little is known about the influence of behaviours such as boldness and shyness. Using information on social interactions in a wild population of Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata), we construct a social network. For each individual in the network, we quantify its behavioural phenotype using two measures of boldness, predator inspection tendency, a repeatable and reliably measured behaviour well studied in the context of co-operation, and shoaling tendency. We observe striking heterogeneity in contact patterns, with strong ties being positively assorted and weak ties negatively assorted by our measured behavioural traits. Moreover, shy fish had more network connections than bold fish and these were on average stronger. In other words, social fine structure is strongly influenced by behavioural trait. We assert that such structure will have implications for the outcome of selection on behavioural traits and we speculate that the observed positive assortment may act as an amplifier of selection contributing to the maintenance of co-operation during predator inspection.     

No simple sum: seasonal variation in tannin phenotypes and leaf-miners in hybrid oaks

Parent-hybrid asymmetries in the biosynthesis of defense chemistry are believed to affect the distribution of herbivorous insects within plant hybrid zones. While tannins are often produced as complex, dynamic mixtures, the ecological effects of biological and ontogenetic variation in tannin metabolism within hybrid zones are poorly understood. Here, we examine correlations between the seasonal variation of absolute and relative concentrations of individual ellagitannins and total proanthocyanidins in the Quercus gambelii × Q. grisea hybrid complex and a community of leaf-mining Lepidoptera (Gracillariidae, Heliozelidae, Nepticulidae, Tischeriidae), and examine the interactive effects between tannins on leaf-miner abundance. We found strong seasonal variation in oak tannin phenotypes, but two general phenotypes are characteristic of oaks of the Q. gambelii × Q. grisea complex, based upon biosynthetic variation in high molecular weight ellagitannins. Leaf-miner community structure was significantly correlated with the dominant tannin phenotypes in the Q. gambelii × Q. grisea hybrid zone in mid-summer (July, August). Additionally, leaf-miner density was significantly negatively correlated with the ratio of vescalagin-derivatives and total proanthocyanidins in August and September. Overall, hybridization affects biological and ontogenetic variation in ellagitannin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis within the Q. gambelii × Q. grisea hybrid complex and this variation correlates with herbivore distribution and abundance. Future studies of phenolic chemistry in plant-herbivore interactions in hybrid zones should include a more rigorous quantification of tannin phenotypes as complex, temporally dynamic mixtures.