非致死剂量的四溴双酚A胁迫下蚯蚓的生长和抗氧化防御反应

以自然土壤为介质,考察赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的生长抑制率、蛋白质含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)活性等指标,进行了急性(14 d)、亚急性(28 d)暴露下四溴双酚A(tetrabromobisphenol A,TBBPA)非致死剂量胁迫对蚯蚓的生长和抗氧化防御效应研究。结果表明:在急性试验中TBBPA对蚯蚓的生长抑制均存在显著的剂量效应关系,而在亚急性暴露期,400 mg·kg~(-1)时显著抑制蚯蚓的生长(P<0.05);TBBPA对蚯蚓体内蛋白含量影响,在急性试验中各处理间差异不显著(P=0.712),进入亚急性期蛋白质含量在400 mg·kg~(-1)时被显著诱导(P=0.039,P<0.05);TBBPA对蚯蚓SOD酶活性的影响,在急性试验中50 mg·kg~(-1)时被显著诱导(P<0.01),在亚急性试验中400 mg·kg~(-1)时SOD酶活性显著升高(P<0.05);TBBPA对蚯蚓GST酶活性影响,在急性试验中400 mg·kg~(-1)时呈现显著诱导效应(P<0.05),在亚急性期各处理间差异不显著(P=0.428)。蚯蚓生长抑制率、蛋白质含量、体内各生化酶系对TBBPA暴露的时间效应和剂量效应的敏感性存在不同程度差异,应依据污染暴露指标的有效性和敏感性选择多时间段检测和多指标进行土壤安全评价诊断。     

南京北郊冬春季大气能见度影响因子贡献研究

为研究南京北郊气象要素以及气溶胶对大气能见度的影响,利用2014年1~5月的能见度、相对湿度、温度、颗粒物浓度及其化学成分等观测数据,探讨了气溶胶不同化学组分对消光系数的贡献,提出了该地区能见度基于不同参数的拟合方案.结果表明,观测期间平均能见度为(5.78±3.64)km,能见度与相对湿度、PM_(2.5)存在明显的负相关,相关系数分别为-0.66、-0.48.冬季平均消光系数为(398.72±219.88)Mm~(-1),Organic、NH_4NO_3、(NH_4)_2SO_4和EC对消光的贡献率分别为38.81%、27.81%、23.95%和7.15%;春季平均消光系数为(248.36±78.42)Mm~(-1),Orgamic、NH_4NO_3、(NH_4)_2SO_4和EC对消光的贡献率分别为31.59%、24.36%、32.63%和8.64%.对比不同的能见度拟合方案时,基于颗粒物成分的能见度拟合方案优于基于散射系数的.不同相对湿度区间内PM_(2.5)对能见度的影响程度不同,基于PM_(2.5)、相对湿度和温度的能见度拟合方案说明:低相对湿度的条件下,PM_(2.5)对能见度的影响较大;随相对湿度增大,相对湿度成为更为重要的影响因子.     

Phylogeny-based conservation priorities for Australian freshwater fishes

Conservation scientists are increasingly interested in the question of how extinction prunes the tree of life. This question is particularly important for Australian freshwater fishes because there is a broad mix of ∼300 old and young species, many of which are severely threatened. We used a complete species-level phylogeny of Australian freshwater fishes to examine phylogenetic nonrandomness of extinction risk. We computed the potential loss of phylogenetic diversity by simulating extinction across the tree under a pattern weighted based on International Union for Conservation of Nature extinction risk category and compared this loss to projected diversity loss under a random null model of extinction. Finally, we calculated EDGE (evolutionary distinctiveness, global endangerment) scores for 251 freshwater and 60 brackish species and compiled a list of high-priority species for conservation actions based on their extinction risk and evolutionary uniqueness. Extinction risk was not random and was clustered in both diversity cradles (recently diversifying, species-rich clades, such as Galaxiidae and Percichthyidae) and museums (older, species-poor groups, such as freshwater chondrichthyans). Clustered extinction made little difference to the average expected loss of phylogenetic diversity. However, the upper bound of loss was higher under a selective model of extinction, particularly when the counts of species lost were low. Thus, the loss of highly threatened species would diminish the tree of life more than a null model of randomly distributed extinction.  High priority species included both widely recognized and charismatic ones, such as the Queensland lungfish (Neoceratodus forsteri), river sharks, and freshwater sawfishes, and lesser-known species that receive less public attention, including the salamanderfish (Lepidogalaxias salamandroides), cave gudgeons, and many galaxiids, rainbowfishes, and pygmy perches.     

The wild ancestors of domestic animals as a neglected and threatened component of biodiversity

Domestic animals have immense economic, cultural, and practical value and have played pivotal roles in the development of human civilization. Many domesticates have, among their wild relatives, undomesticated forms representative of their ancestors. Resurgent interest in these ancestral forms has highlighted the unclear genetic status of many, and some are threatened with extinction by hybridization with domestic conspecifics. We considered the contemporary status of these ancestral forms relative to their scientific, practical, and ecological importance; the varied impacts of wild–domestic hybridization; and the challenges and potential resolutions involved in conservation efforts. Identifying and conserving ancestral forms, particularly with respect to disentangling patterns of gene flow from domesticates, is complex because of the lack of available genomic and phenotypic baselines. Comparative behavioral, ecological, and genetic studies of ancestral-type, feral, and domestic animals should be prioritized to establish the contemporary status of the former. Such baseline information will be fundamental in ensuring successful conservation efforts.     

长三角地区一次区域污染过程中细颗粒物的来源解析及其光学特性

为研究长三角地区细颗粒物污染的分布特征及其光学特性,选择在城市(苏州)、郊区(南京)和区域背景站(临安)同时进行PM2.5采集并进行化学分析.这次污染过程中,苏州、南京和临安的PM2.5平均浓度分别达到(169.8±56.5)、(169.9±51.2)和(154.0±54.9)μg·m-3.散度系数分析显示3 个站点气...