软、硬煤层残余瓦斯含量区域效果检验临界值研究

针对软、硬煤层瓦斯含量区域突出危险性效检指标临界值存在较大差异这一工程实际。建立软、硬煤样相关参数关系模型,对基于残余瓦斯含量的区域防突措施效果检验指标临界值进行研究。结果表明:同一煤质软煤和硬煤瓦斯吸附量差别不大,但随着煤的变质程度降低,软、硬煤瓦斯吸附量差值先减小后增大。对存在软、硬分层的煤层,建议采用0.74MPa时软、硬煤瓦斯含量测值的小值（取整）作为煤层残余瓦斯量指标的临界值。此研究因地制宜地确定符合矿井实际的突出预测指标临界值和区域措施效果检验指标临界值,对降低防突成本具有重要意义。     

Tolerance of the black soldier fly,Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) to pH value,pungency, and NaCl in foodstuffs北大核心CSCD

The black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, has been considered impressive as a saprophagous insect, for its high ability to convert organic waste to insect protein and oil. Hence, it has been regarded by the municipal administration that BSF might be used as a medium to deal with food waste. However, food waste in China has been characterized as having a high salt content, oily, and very spicy, which usually renders them unsuitable for animal feeding. In order to assess the technological reliability for BSF conversion of food waste, the tolerance of BSF for pH values, pungency, and NaCl in food were investigated in this case. Results indicated that strong acidity (pH = 3) was not good for the development of BSF, demonstrating less body weight and eclosion failure. In contrast, strong basicity (pH = 11) seemed to be beneficial for larval development with high biomass, and there is no difference in pupation, eclosion, larval biomass, and livability for BSF for pH values between 5 and 11. With regards to salinity, liner correlations were observed; the salinity strength increased along with the extension of the larval phase, but body weight, pupation rate, emerging rate, and livability were still consistent under 6% density of salinity. Influence of pungency on BSF larvae has not yet been found. In conclusion, BSF showed a high tolerance to pH value, pungency, and salinity in foodstuffs. Hence, it is expected that food waste from common environments might have a lesser possibility to cause negative effects on BSF development, which could be good news for BSF conversion technology. As for the process design, the conclusion suggested that food waste optimum for BSF is expected to be alkaline and low-salt, which would be helpful to improve the efficiency and harvest. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Species diversity variation of Cupressus funebris secondary forest in landslide site after 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake北大核心CSCD

The characteristics of species diversity in Cupressus funebris secondary forest under the effect of geological hazard were explored by selecting the typical landslide surface of Fenghuang Mountain, Leigu Town, Beichuan County, which was derived from the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake. The results showed that 93 species belonged to 42 families, and 78 genera were found in the landslide area, where the main families were Compositae, Leguminosae, and Gramineae-based. Further, 97 species in the transition area belonged to 39 families and 80 genera, and the main families were Compositae, Gramineae, and Rosaceae-based. In all, 108 species were recorded in the non-landslide area, which belonged to 59 families and 92 genera, the main families of which were Compositae, Rosaceae, and Gramineae-based. Compositae and Gramineae played important roles in the landslide recovery process after earthquake. The Pielou index (JSW) was the highest in the non-landslide area of the herb layer, whereas the richness index (D) was the lowest; the Shannon-Wiener index (H) and Simpson index (H') showed medium values. In the non-landslide area, the D, H, and H' were the highest in the shrub layer, whereas the JSW was the lowest. Further, the species diversity index of the transitional area was higher than that of the landslide area. In the tree layer, the D and H were both the highest and lowest in the landslide area and transition area, respectively. In contrast, the H' and JSW were the highest in the transition area and the lowest in the non-landslide area. The distribution of vegetation was generally consistent with the distribution of soil nutrients in the spatial distribution of surface soil nutrients. The succession of trees in the landslide area was relatively slow and at the initial stage, and the pioneer species were Coriaria nepalensis, Leptopus chinensis, and Arthraxon lanceolatus in this area. Taken together, the findings suggested that the stability of a plant community can be increased by improving the soil and stabilizing the slope. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

基于EMD-MFOA-ELM的瓦斯涌出量时变序列预测研究

为准确分析工作面绝对瓦斯涌出量的非平稳特征,实现瓦斯涌出量的准确预测,基于经验模态分解(EMD)、修正的果蝇优化算法(MFOA)和极限学习机(ELM)基本原理,构建瓦斯涌出量的EMD-MFOA-ELM多尺度时变预测模型。通过EMD将瓦斯涌出量时变序列进行深层次分解,获得多尺度本征模态函数(IMF);采用MFOA-ELM对各IMF时变序列建立动态预测模型,等权叠加各预测值,得到模型最终预测结果。以晋煤某矿瓦斯涌出量监测时序样本为例进行研究分析,结果表明:EMD能充分挖掘出监测数据隐含信息,有效降低数据复杂度;该模型预测相对误差为0.024 3%~0.651 0%,平均值仅为0.252 6%,预测精度和泛化能力高于未经EMD分解模型,能很好地适用于非平稳时变序列预测。     

北京湿地生态系统重要服务功能及其价值评估

论文基于北京市湿地资源调查数据,重点评估了湿地调蓄洪水、供给水源、净化水质、蒸发降温和维护生境等重要生态服务功能及其价值。结果表明,2014年北京市湿地面积5.14×10⁴ hm²,其中46%为自然湿地,并集中分布在密云、房山和门头沟等远郊区。北京市湿地生态系统年均调蓄洪水20.75×10⁸ m³、供给水源9.44×10⁸ m³、净化水体污染物（COD）4.22×10⁴ t、蒸发吸热3.03×10¹² kJ,并维护着较高质量生境0.96×10⁴ hm²,其经济价值分别为158.95×10⁸、11.89×10⁸、1.69×10⁸、4.21×10⁸和10.84×10⁸元。虽然这些重要生态系统服务的78%来自于北京市远郊区的湖库与河流湿地,但是主城区湿地同样提供着重要的生态服务功能,且受益人群数量较高,因而更需重点保护。     

海河流域草地生态系统服务功能及其价值评估

草地生态系统为人类提供了畜产品和生命支持两个方面的多种服务功能,但人们常关注产品提供功能而忽视生命支持功能。研究采用联合国千年生态系统评估框架,构建了海河流域草地生态系统服务功能的评估指标体系,并以2005年为基准年,运用市场价值法、影子价格法等多种方法对海河流域草地生态系统进行经济价值评估。结果表明,海河流域草地面积为6.67×10¹⁰ m²,提供产品、固碳、保持土壤、净化环境等8项服务功能的总价值为2 216.28×10⁸元,单位面积价值为3.32元/(m²·a)。其中,提供产品的价值量最大,占总价值的31.3%,其次是固碳和营养物质保持功能的价值,分别占总价值的26.8%、22.2%。海河流域草地生态系统除了具有重要的产品提供功能外,固碳、营养物质保持等生命支持功能的巨大经济价值也不容忽视,平衡兼顾草地生态系统的产品提供功能和生命支持功能有助于促进海河流域经济社会发展与生态保护的协调。     

城市化对流域生态系统服务价值空间异质性的影响——以南京市九乡河流域为例

以南京市九乡河流域为研究区域,以2003、2009年两期遥感影像数据为基本信息源,在调整生态系统服务价值系数的基础上,计算流域生态系统服务价值,并利用ArcGIS的空间分析功能,研究流域生态系统服务价值的空间异质性及其变化,以及城市化与生态系统服务价值之间的关系。结果表明:2003-2009年,流域生态系统服务价值损失2.63%,达643.1×10⁴元,其中上游生态系统服务价值增加1.57%,而中游和下游则分别减少2.18%和10.58%,耕地流失是中游、下游和流域总生态系统服务价值减少的主要原因;食物生产、保持土壤等单项生态系统服务价值降低,而水文调节和提供美学功能的生态服务价值增加;九乡河流域生态系统服务价值的空间异质性发生了明显的变化,生态系统服务价值降低的区域主要集中在下游的仙林大学城以及中游靠近主城区的西村一带,而升高的区域主要分布在九乡河沿岸;城市化对流域生态系统服务价值的负效应明显。制定严格的生态规划,加强对流域开发建设的分类指导,是恢复和维护九乡河流域生态系统服务功能的有效途径。     

诱导结晶反应中介稳区的研究

CaCl₂-Na₂CO₃溶液体系中c(Ca2+)和c(CO₃2-)处于介稳区中,是该体系诱导结晶反应能够进行的前提条件.临界值点是介稳区的边界点,应用电导率法测定CaCl₂-Na₂CO₃溶液体系的临界值点,对影响临界值的温度,pH,反应时间和搅拌强度等因素进行了研究,绘制了不同条件下CaCl₂-Na₂CO₃溶液体系的介稳区.结果表明,降低温度,增加溶液的pH,搅拌强度适中能够降低出现临界值时的电导率,增加介稳区的面积.考虑到试验的可操作性和成本等因素,确定CaCl₂-Na₂CO₃溶液体系诱导结晶反应的最佳条件:温度为25 ℃,pH为9.0,反应时间为10 min,搅拌强度为200 r/min.在最佳反应条件下,c(Ca2+)和c(CO₃2-)满足3.496×10-10［Ca2+］-1.182 6<［ CO₃2-］<4.96×10-9［Ca2+］>/sup>-1时,诱导结晶反应能够在介稳区中进行.      

Tradeoffs between forestry resource and conservation values under alternate policy regimes: A spatial analysis of the western Canadian boreal plains

An important element of resource management and conservation is an understanding of the tradeoffs between marketed products, such as timber, and measures of environmental quality, such as biodiversity. In this paper, we develop an integrated economic-ecological spatial optimization model that we then apply to evaluate alternate forest policies on a 560,000 km² study region of managed boreal forest in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada. The integrated model incorporates dynamic forest sector harvesting, current levels of oil and gas sector development, coarse-filter or habitat-based old forest indicators, a set of empirical forest bird abundance models, and statistical models of the natural and current fire regimes. Using our integrated model, economic tradeoff curves, or production possibility frontiers, are developed to illustrate the cost of achieving coarse-filter targets by a set time (50 years) within a 100-year time horizon. We found levels of ecological indicators and economic returns from the timber industry could both be increased if spatial constraints imposed by the current policy environment were relaxed; other factors being equal, this implies current policy should be revised. We explore the production possibility frontier's relationship to the range of natural variation of old forest habitat, and show how this range can be used to guide choices of preferred locations along the frontier. We also show that coarse-filter constraints on the abundance of certain habitat elements are sufficient to satisfy some fine-filter objectives, expressed as the predicted abundances of various species of songbirds.     

Bioactivity as an Options Value of Sea Cucumbers in the Egyptian Red Sea

Abstract:  The utility of a species can be divided into its direct, indirect, and options values. In the marine environment, direct consumptive values predominate and often lead to overexploitation at the expense of significant options values derived through bioprospecting for natural products. We surveyed the waters of the Egyptian Red Sea coast (Gulf of Aqaba [north] and the Red Sea [south]) for species of sea cucumbers and analyzed extracts from species for a range of bioactivities with potential biomedical applications. All habitat types were surveyed within these regions. We found 22 species of sea cucumber of which two, Holothuria fuscogilva and Holothuria flavomaculata , were recorded in Egypt for the first time. Although none of the species identified were unique to the Gulf of Aqaba, 10 species were only found in the Red Sea sector. Bioassay results showed that although no species had antibacterial activity, most extracts exhibited activity against Candida and Leishmania but were most active against a LoVo mammalian carcinoma cell line. Our most significant finding was the intraspecific variation in bioactivity in individuals collected from different habitat types and sectors of the coast. This variation may reflect the effect of environment on secondary metabolite production or may indicate significant genetic diversity between populations within a species. Our results indicate a potentially significant options value to sea cucumbers through bioprospecting. Given the importance of economic development in countries such as Egypt and the perceived low conservation value of invertebrates such as sea cucumbers, the linking of these factors to conservation is vital for the maintenance and sustainable exploitation of these animals .