土地利用变化下的生态系统服务敏感性研究——以克里雅绿洲为例

通过剖析传统的敏感性分析法,提出交叉敏感性概念,评价生态服务价值对土地利用类型转换的响应性。以克里雅绿洲为研究区域,以1991、2002 和2011 年三期遥感影像数据为基本信息源,运用交叉敏感性分析,计算生态系统服务价值对土地利用类型转换的敏感性,确定生态系统日趋敏感的土地利用变化过程,为土地管理对策提供参考依据。研究结果表明:20 a来,克里雅绿洲生态服务价值较敏感的土地利用转换类型相对稳定,主要集中在湿地和水体向荒漠和低覆盖度草地的转换;与1991 和2011 年相比,2002 年的交叉敏感性系数普遍上升,这主要是因为湿地、水体面积的减少加剧了研究区的生态脆弱性,从而表现出更大的敏感性;湿地和水体向耕地转换的交叉敏感性一直处于上升趋势,并不断接近于-1,表明生态服务价值对高强度的人为活动变得越来越敏感,从而警示地方管理部门采取必要措施制止此种转换的持续。     

Multiple regression models for the lower heating value of municipal solid waste in Taiwan

A multiple regression analysis was used to develop two predictive models of lower heating value (LHV) for municipal solid waste (MSW), using 180 samples gathered from cities and counties in Taiwan during 2001-2002. These models are referred to as the original proposed model (OPM) and the simplified model (SM). The coefficients of multiple determinations for the OPM and SM were 0.983 and 0.975, respectively. To verify the feasibility of the models, a demonstration program based on sampling of MSW in Kaohsiung City was conducted. As a result, the OPM showed superior precision in terms of relative percentage deviation (RPD) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), when compared to the conventional models based on the proximate analysis, physical composition and ultimate analysis. The SM was derived by neglecting the three minor physical components used in the OPM. The resulting SM was less precise when compared to the OPM, but it was still acceptable, with a precision level better than the conventional models. It was concluded that the predictability of empirical models could be improved significantly through selection of the appropriate physical components and multiple regression analysis.     

中远船务构筑特色安全文化的探索与实践

本文主要阐述了在企业核心价值理念孵化牵引下生发的安全文化理念,总结和提炼了具有企业特色的“严、细、真、实、慎”的安全文化,并从制度建设、行为规范以及体现执行力的十大主要措施上,进行了比较系统的论述,对进一步促进企业安全文化建设提出了4个方面的对策。     

The threat of abandonment in socio-ecological landscapes: Farmers’ motivations and perspectives on high nature value grassland conservation

Future sustainability of the conservation management of socio-ecological landscapes is typically reliant on on-going agricultural management. Such management may be threatened by changes in the drivers of management and the fragility of the stakeholder networks that deliver management. This study examined evidence for the risk of abandonment in a series of case study high nature value (HNV) grassland sites. The work found that the motivation of farmers to participate in the conservation management was typically limited and often marginal. Landowners and conservation stakeholders who relied on partner farmers to manage such sites often struggled to recruit and retain their participation, leading to increased turnover among managing farmers and to some sites being under-managed. Primary reasons for difficulty of recruitment and farmer turnover included a lack of candidate farmers in the local landscape, and the marginal and fluctuating economics of grassland management. A trend towards greater financial incentivisation of farmers was evident, which policy-makers responsible for agri-environment schemes should note, and elsewhere some conservation organisations were seen to be bringing grassland management in-house. Farmers’ motivations to participate in conservation management of such systems may continue to weaken and abandonment may therefore become a significant risk to the successful conservation of such systems. Conservation stakeholders need to foster good relations with their farmer-manager partners and not further depress their limited motivations to participate, as well as consider carefully whether farmer stakeholders are being adequately compensated for their efforts.     

可燃性气体含氧量安全限值的探讨

焦炉煤气的安全含氧量目前存在一些异议。由此,提出如何确定可燃性气体含氧量安全限值的问题。笔者提出了惰性气体对含氧量安全限值的影响,探讨了采用化学计算法和作图法能对可燃性气体含氧量作简单确定,用此方法确定焦炉煤气的含氧量安全限值为４％ 。笔者认为,焦炉煤气的安全氧含量可适当放宽,以２％ 为参考值。     

PRA浓度和显色温度对West—Gaeke法测定SO2的回归斜率和空白值的影响

试验研究表明，Ｗｅｓｔ－Ｇａｅｋｅ法制定大气ＳＯ２，空白试验值不仅随显色温度增高而增高，而且随ＰＲＡ浓度增高而增高。尤其，在２０±２℃时，ＰＲＡ浓度＞０．０１６％时，校准曲线斜率比方法规定值偏高；称取ＰＲＡ０．１００ｇ提纯后使用，在３０℃时，回归斜率比方法规定值偏低。本文提出了对方法的补充意见。     

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY IMPACTS OF A WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT1

ABSTRACT: At a time in history when water resource development in the United States is being condemned as both economically inefficient and an environmental disaster, perhaps economists need to look back at previous development to see what the fruits of water development (be they sweet or sour) have been. The Boise Project of south-western Idaho is 70 years old and to some people it represents a gross error in resource use, while to others it represents a means of livelihood and well being. A recent research project at the University of Idaho attempted to measure not only the direct economic income benefits of the project (from irrigation), but also the indirect or secondary income benefits (from the food processing industry). Periodic regional input-output tables were constructed to assess the income generated from irrigation and food processing over the period from 1946 to 1970. Input-output analysis allowed researchers to evaluate the direct and indirect impacts of both the irrigation sector and the food processing sector and to compare their growth over time.     

NORMALIZED AGRICULTURAL PRICES AND WATER RESOURCES PLANNING1

ABSTRACT: Short-term fluctuations in agricultural markets necesitate adjustments in market prices for use in water resources planning. Two procudures for this price normalizing are described and evaluated. The linear treand and weighted average normalizing procedures perform reasonably well, except in cases of dramatic price oscillations.     

煤矿事故中生命价值经济评价探讨

我国每年都有大量的煤矿事故发生 ,造成数千名矿工死亡 ,对死亡矿工的经济赔偿 ,往往是事故处理的一大难题 ,其主要原因是目前对死亡矿工的赔偿标准偏低。由于赔偿费用低 ,经济赔偿的代价不足 ,以引起威慑和警戒 ,部分煤矿企业仍然不重视安全生产、不珍惜矿工生命 ,从而煤矿伤亡事故不断发生。分析了目前国内外主要的生命价值评价方法和评价结果 ,对煤矿事故中的生命价值进行了研究 ,提出采用净产值推算矿工的生命价值 ,并给出了相应的计算公式和分析实例。分析结果表明 ,目前的赔偿标准不能体现矿工的生命价值 ,二者之间存在相当大的差距     

新疆草地生态价值及其可持续开发利用初探

草地是新疆农业自然资源的重要组成部分,是发展草地畜牧业的重要基础,通过对新疆草地特点阐述以及对草地生态价值的量化研究,本文在新疆草地开发利用现状的基础上,针对新疆14个主要草地区提出了草地开发利用的具体措施。