黄海和东海海域沉积物的环境质量评价

分析了黄海和东海陆架浅海区域表层沉积物中有机碳、硫化物、油类、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、Cr、As、总氮、总磷的含量，通过对数据进行适当的数理统计处理，计算出了黄海和东海陆架区各化学要素的背景值。以此背景值作为评价标准，采用单因子评价方法，确定了调查海区沉积物中各化学要素的贫化区、背景值区、超背景值区和异常富集区。     

连续极端降雨对东江流域水质影响分析

为研究连续极端降雨对饮用水源型河流东江水质的影响,分析流域近38年极端降雨事件发生特征,并结合水文水质数据初步分析其对水质的影响.基于SWAT2012建立东江流域高精度模型,研究极端降雨过程中主要污染物通量变化过程及其对水质的影响.结果表明,东江流域近38年极端降雨事件共发生173次,丰水年频次要高于其他年份,年内受气候影响主要集中在3～9月(80%),峰值主要出现在降雨量最高的6月;在空间上增城-博罗-惠州-龙门一带极端事件发生频率最高.降雨量与浊度、TP、氰化物、Pb、Fe和Mn的浓度值均呈显著正相关,其中与浊度、TP的相关系数相对较高,与p H、电导率和Zn的浓度值等呈极显著负相关,水质在一定程度上受到降雨的影响.浊度、TN、NH4+-N及TP浓度值均在暴雨径流期出现不同程度的上升趋势,其中浊度和TP浓度值变化趋势与流量呈显著一致,其峰值出现要早于流量峰值(约1 d),存在显著初期冲刷效应; p H变化过程则与流量相反,成"V"字形,可能是受上游山区降雨、土壤酸碱度及产汇流条件影响; NH4+-N受初期冲刷及洁净雨水稀释则呈现前期高,中后期低的特征.污染物负荷与径流量变化趋势较为一致,TN、NH4+-N及TP污染通量峰值要晚于(约1d)流量峰值的出现,这与污染物浓度峰值出现规律不同;污染物负荷主要在暴雨径流期呈现明显增加趋势,以59. 48%的径流量输送污染物占比达到了:COD 68. 42%、NH4+-N 54. 68%和TP 70. 20%,呈现时间短、污染物负荷冲击强等特点,对东江饮用水源水质造成较大的影响,建议通过强化初期雨水治理减少暴雨径流期对水质风险的影响.     

Climate Change Impacts on Local Flood Risks in the U.S. Northeast: A Case Study on the Connecticut and Merrimack River Basins

This study investigates the potential impacts of climate change on future flows in the main stem of the Connecticut and Merrimack rivers within Massachusetts. The study applies two common climate projections based on (Representative Concentration Pathways), RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 and downscaled gridded climate projections from 14 global climate models (GCMs) to estimate the 100‐year, 24‐h extreme precipitation events for two future time‐periods: near‐term (2021–2060) and far‐term (2060–2099). 100‐year 24‐h precipitation events at near‐ and far‐term are compared to GCM‐driven historical extreme precipitation events during a base period (1960–1999) and results for RCP 8.5 scenario show average increases between 25%–50% during the near‐term compared to the base period and increases of over 50% during the far‐term. Streamflow conditions are generated with a distributed hydrological model where downscaled climate projections are used as inputs. For the near‐term, the medians of the GCMs using the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 suggest 2.9%–8.1% increases in the 100‐year, 24‐h flow event in the Connecticut and an increase of 9.9%–13.7% in the Merrimack River. For the far‐term, the medians of the GCMs using the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 suggest a 9.0%–14.1% increase in the Connecticut and 15.8%–20.6% for the Merrimack River. Ultimately, the results presented here can be used as a guidance for the long‐term management of infrastructures on the Connecticut and Merrimack River floodplains.     

Ethical Tools to Support Systematic Public Deliberations about the Ethical Aspects of Agricultural Biotechnologies

This special issue of the Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics presents so-called ethical tools that are developed to support systematic public deliberations about the ethical aspects of agricultural biotechnologies. This paper firstly clarifies the intended connotations of the term “ethical tools” and argues that such tools can support liberal democracies to cope with the issues that are raised by the application of genetic modification and other modern biotechnologies in agriculture and food production. The paper secondly characterizes the societal discussion on agricultural biotechnology and defends the thesis that normative perspectives fuel this discussion, so one cannot come to grips with this discussion if one neglects these perspectives. The paper thirdly agrues that no such thing exists as “one” societal debate in which these issues should be discussed. There are several interwined debates, and different actors participate in different discourses. Some practical instruments are necessary in order to include the right issues in these debates. These instruments will be coined as “ethical tools,” since they are practical instruments that can be used (tools) in order to support debates and deliberative structures for a systematic engagement with ethical issues (hence, ethical tools). Finally, the paper clarifies the ethics of these ethical tools and presents the tools as discussed in the remainder of this special issue: 1) tools to include ethical issues in public consulation and involvement; 2) tools to support systematic reflection upon ethical issues in decision-making; and 3) tools to support explicit communication about values in the food chain.     

北方农牧交错带降水极值变化空间特征

农牧交错带是我国生态环境脆弱带,以109个气象站1971～1998年间的逐日降水资料,分析了农牧交错带年降水量、侵蚀性降水及暴雨等方面降水极值的时间变化及空间分布。结果显示农牧交错带平均每年发生侵蚀性降水的日数在3.5～17.6d之间,暴雨日数在0～2.6d之间;大部分地区的年降水量、侵蚀性降水量及暴雨量等都呈现不同程度的增加趋势,但暴雨量以及侵蚀性降水量等降水极值指标增加趋势更明显,反映出多数地区降水强度增加、降水侵蚀的潜在能力增强的特征;局部地区的降水极值呈减少趋势。     

红河流域1960-2007年极端降水事件的时空变化特征

利用中国境内红河流域23个气象站点1960-2007年的逐日降水数据,基于极端降水指数分析流域极端降水事件的时空变化特征。结果表明:极端降水频次和强度表现出从东南向西北递减的特征,高值区分布在江城-绿春-金平-河口一线以南,低值区分布在巍山-南涧-弥渡一线以北及元江中游河谷;极端降水频次峰值出现在7月,汛期极端降水出现频次占全年的91.48%。1960-2007年期间,极端降水指数均表现出上升趋势,其中,极端降水贡献率和平均日降水强度上升趋势较为显著,线性趋势值分别为0.68%·(10 a)^-1和0.17 mm·d^-1·(10 a)^-1。除了平均日降水强度整体上表现出上升的趋势外,其余5个极端降水指数趋势变化具有空间差异性,增加的站点大多分布在李仙江上游、 元江中上游和藤条江流域,减小的站点大多分布在李仙江下游、 元江下游和盘龙河流域。     

甘肃黄土高原各级降水和极端降水时空分布特征

利用甘肃黄土高原地区1960－2011年12个及周边4个站点的逐日降水观测资料,用阈值检测方法计算出甘肃黄土高原地区极端降水的阈值并运用气候线性趋势、多项式拟合、反距离加权法、Mann-Kendall检验、Morlet小波、R／S方法分析了近52a甘肃黄土高原各级雨量和R95极端降水的时空变化特征及对未来进行预测。结果表明：①近52a来甘肃黄土高原春季以小雨为主,夏、秋季以暴雨为主,冬季以大雪为主,R95极端降水主要集中在夏季;②春、秋季主要以大雨降水强度最强,夏季暴雨降水强度最强,冬季则为大雪;R95极端降水强度夏季降水强度最强。③小雪呈显著增加,微雨、中雨、大雨、微雪、R95极端降水量均呈显著减少;④微雨量、小雨量、中雨量、大雨量、R95极端降水量与年降水总量有很好的相关性,对年降水总量有很好的响应;⑤在空间分布上,各量级降水和R95极端降水大部分存在减小趋势,减小区主要集中在西南部和东北部;⑥各量级降水和R95极端降水突变年份不尽相同;⑦各量级降水和R95极端降水在不同的时间序列存在长短不同的周期震荡;⑧R／S分析表明不同量级降水和R95极端降水的未来变化趋势和过去一致。     

Derivation of predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol based on Chinese resident species

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) is a common chemical intermediate and a by-product of water chlorination and combustion processes, and is a priority pollutant of the aquatic environment in many countries. Although information on the toxicity of 2,4,6-TCP is available, there is a lack of information on the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) of 2,4,6-TCP, mainly due to the shortage of chronic and site-specific toxicity data. In the present study, acute and sub-chronic toxicity of 2,4,6-TCP on six different resident Chinese aquatic species were determined. PNEC values were calculated and compared by use of two approaches: assessment factor (AF) and species sensitivity distribution (SSD). Values for acute toxicity ranged from 1.1 mg L⁻¹ (Plagiognathops microlepis) to 42 mg L⁻¹ (Corbicula fluminea) and the sub-chronic no observed effect concentrations (NOECs) ranged from 0.05 mg L⁻¹ (Mylopharyngodon piceus) to 2.0 mg L⁻¹ (C. fluminea). PNECs obtained by the assessment factor approach with acute (AF = 1000, 0.001 mg L⁻¹) or chronic (AF = 10, 0.005 mg L⁻¹) toxicity data were one order of magnitude less than those from SSD methods (0.057 mg L⁻¹). PNEC values calculated using SSD methods with a 50% certainty for 2,4,6-TCP was less than those obtained by use of the USEPA recommend final chronic value (FCV) method (0.097 mg L⁻¹) and the one obtained by use of the USEPA recommend acute-to-chronic (ACR) methods (0.073 mg L⁻¹). PNECs derived using AF methods were more protective and conservative than that derived using SSD methods.     

基于极值风速预测的台风数值模型评述

在沿海台风多发地区，高耸及长大建筑结构对于极值风速作用非常敏感，因此在结构的设计、施工与使用期间有必要合理估算结构设计使用期限内可能遭遇的台风极值风速。台风极值风速的估算不仅涉及台风风场的数值模拟，也包括风速样本的采集与统计分析过程。较系统地介绍了台风风场结构的各类数学模型，并对它们在不同使用目的背景下的适用性作了评述与比较。最后，基于越界峰值法探讨了工程场地一定重现期内台风极值风速预测的可行性。     

Effects of the 2008 flood on economic performance and food security in Yemen: a simulation analysis

Extreme weather events such as floods and droughts can have devastating consequences for individual well being and economic development, in particular in poor societies with limited availability of coping mechanisms. Combining a dynamic computable general equilibrium model of the Yemeni economy with a household‐level calorie consumption simulation model, this paper assesses the economy‐wide, agricultural and food security effects of the 2008 tropical storm and flash flood that hit the Hadramout and Al‐Mahrah governorates. The estimation results suggest that agricultural value added, farm household incomes and rural food security deteriorated long term in the flood‐affected areas. Due to economic spillover effects, significant income losses and increases in food insecurity also occurred in areas that were unaffected by flooding. This finding suggests that while most relief efforts are typically concentrated in directly affected areas, future efforts should also consider surrounding areas and indirectly affected people.