电化学产电菌的分离及性能评价

利用兼性滚管法分离了折流板空气阴极微生物燃料电池(BAFMFC)A、B两格室的阳极生物膜,共获得19株纯菌.将菌株投加至无菌立方型反应器中,检验其产电特性.利用交流阻抗法测量各纯菌电池的内阻,结果显示38个电池的欧姆内阻为25Ω±5Ω,说明了各电池的产电差异来源于菌株本身的活性.其他运行条件均保持不变,在1000Ω外阻下,7株纯菌电池的输出电压在200mV以上.其中,A格室产电活性最高的菌株(A2)产生的最大电压为328mV,输出的最大功率密度为165.1mW/m2,B格室产电活性最高的菌株(B1)最大电压为241mV,最大功率密度为214.4mW/m2.原子力显微镜和脂肪酸快速鉴定表明,A2为肠杆菌科的杆菌,B1为厚壁菌门的芽孢杆菌.     

涤纶碱减量废水中对苯二甲酸的兼性厌氧降解研究

针对碱减量废水中的乙二醇（EG）对对苯二甲酸（TA）的好氧生物降解产生不利影响,本实验采用水解酸化工艺在实验室条件下研究了TA和EG的兼性厌氧降解性能,并着重考察了TA在EG存在下的兼性厌氧降解规律,从而为碱减量工艺实际生产废水的生物处理工艺提供技术方案和科学依据。实验结果表明,TA在缺氧条件下的兼性厌氧降解率很低,在本实验条件下,其兼性厌氧平均降解率为6.1%,而兼性厌氧菌对EG具有较高的降解活性,其降解率达到58.9%～71.5%。在TA配制废水中投加EG时,EG首先得到降解,当EG完全降解后,TA才开始降解,并且其降解速率与TA作为惟一碳源时TA的降解速率相同。由实验结果可知,涤纶碱减量废水的处理不能仅仅采用兼性厌氧生物处理工艺,而应在好氧生物处理工艺为主的情况下,辅以兼氧或厌氧生物处理工艺。     

Diversity of methanotrophs in a simulated modified biocover reactor

A simulated landfill biocover microcosm consisting of a modifying ceramsite material and compost were investigated. Results show that the mixture can improve the material porosity and achieve a stable and highly efficient (100%) methane oxidation over an extended operating period. The diversity of the methanotrophic community in the microcosm was assessed. Type I methanotrophs were enhanced in the microcosm due to the increased air diffusion and distribution, whereas the microbial diversity and population density of type II methanotrophs were not significantly affected. Moreover, the type I methanotrophic community structure significantly varied with the reactor height, whereas that of type II methanotrophic communities did not exhibit a spatial variation. Phylogenetic analysis showed that type I methanotroph-based nested polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) resulted in the detection of eight different populations, most of which are related to Methylobacter sp., whereas that of type II resulted in the detection of nine different populations, most of which are related to Methylocystaceae. Methanotrophic community analysis also indicated that a number of new methanotrophic genera not closely related to any known methanotrophic populations were present.     

Do land utilization patterns a ect methanotrophic communities in a Chinese upland red soil?

Soil samples were collected from three plots under di erent land utilization patterns including degradation, farming, and restoration. The abundances of methanotrophs were quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on the pmoA and 16S rRNA genes, and the community fingerprint was analyzed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) aiming at pmoA gene. Significantly lower 16S rRNA and pmoA genes copies were found in the degradation treatment than in farming and restoration. Higher abundances of Type I than those of Type II methanotrophs were detected in all treatments. The treatment of farming was clearly separated from degradation and restoration according to the DGGE profile by cluster analysis. The lowest diversity indices were observed in the F (farming plot), suggesting that the community structure was strongly a ected by farming activities. There were significantly positive correlations between the copy numbers of pmoA also Type II-related 16S rRNA genes and soil available K content. Strong negative and positive correlations were found between Type I and soil pH, and available P content, respectively. We concluded that the vegetation cover or not, soil characteristics including pH and nutrients of P and K as a result of anthropogenic disturbance may be key factors a ecting methanotrophic communities in upland soil.     

一种能同时固定CO2和N2的微生物——兼性固CO2、N2菌的分离鉴定及其验证实验

"温室效应"日趋严重,生物固碳特别是微生物固碳将发挥独特的作用.固定N2的微生物固氮菌和固定CO2的微生物固碳菌早已被研究和发现,但能同时固定大气中的CO2、N2并以CO2、N2分别为碳、氮源的微生物至今未见报道,本研究称之为兼性固CO2、N2菌.研究通过固碳菌、固氮菌培养基的优化组合出无碳、氮培养基(分别以空中的CO2、N2为碳源和氮源);通过无氮碳源的兼性固碳氮菌培养基进行分离,筛选分离到一株分别以CO2和N2为碳源和氮源.通过对该菌株的生长特性和固碳酶活性及固氮酶活性进行测定;利用PCR和琼脂糖凝胶电泳技术检测到该菌含有固碳酶RubisCO中cbbL基因及固氮酶nifH基因片段的特异性条带;对该菌进行对照验证实验证明该菌能同时固定空气中的CO2和N2并分别以CO2和N2为碳源和氮源;最后对其形态观察和16SrRNA全序列分析证明该菌株HSJ隶属于链霉菌.     

Physical Determinants of Methane Oxidation Capacity in a Temperate Soil

Methane oxidation capacity of soil from an experimentalsite in Northwest England was strongly dependent on temperatureand percentage water holding capacity. The soil had a distincttemperature optimum of 25 °C, with capacity for net methaneoxidation being completely lost below 5 and greater than37 °C. Optimum percentage water holding capacity for methaneoxidation was in the range 30–60%, with significant reductions inmethane oxidation rates in soils outside this range. Organic andmineral layers within the soil showed differences in potentialmethane oxidation rate, with methane oxidation being most rapid inthe buried organic layer and least rapid in the surface organiclayer. The importance of soil structure and gas diffusionlimitation is underlined, as is the strong temperature dependenceof methane oxidation when such diffusion limitation is removed.     

兼氧技术应用于有机污泥的处理

应用兼氧技术处理有机污泥，对处理过程中挥发性脂肪酸的生成、N元素的变化、兼氧微生物的种群进行了检测，结果表明，有机污泥经过24h兼氧反应后，污泥中的有机物得到降解，酸化反应生成了质量浓度的2531mg/L的乙酸；系统中NH3－N含量略有上升；兼氧反应过程中的微生物以异养型的产酸细菌为优势菌种。污泥被水解酸化后回流到废水处理系统，系统基本无剩余污泥排放。     

1株耐冷兼性嗜碱好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及反硝化特性

以传统微生物富集分离方法,从垃圾渗滤液活性污泥中筛选到1株高效好氧反硝化菌,通过形态观察、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析,对菌株进行了鉴定,同时对其好氧反硝化特性和异养硝化功能进行了研究.结果表明,筛选到的好氧反硝化菌株为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.),命名为GL19,GenBank登录号为(KC710974).碳源、C/N、pH及温度对菌株反硝化活性影响较大.在柠檬酸钠为碳源、C/N不低于15、pH 6~10、溶解氧(DO)4.8~7.7 mg·L-1及温度为15~34℃,硝酸盐氮负荷为140 mg·L-1的条件下,硝酸盐去除率均达100%,总氮(TN)平均去除率为96.5%,最终无亚硝酸盐积累;菌株能以亚硝酸盐氮、氨氮为底物进行高效脱氮,20 h内可将140 mg·L-1的亚硝酸盐氮完全去除,28 h内可将280 mg·L-1的氨氮降至3.11 mg·L-1,氨氮去除率达98.9%.显示该菌具有耐冷、高效脱氮特性,可实现同步硝化反硝化,这对南方地区冬季废水处理具有潜在应用价值.     

厌氧型甲烷氧化菌降解煤吸附甲烷实验研究

以贵州六枝特区龙岭煤矿大巷中泥样作为厌氧型甲烷氧化菌富集源,以甲烷作为培养过程中唯一碳源,从中筛选出可以在低氧(1.99%)或无氧条件下对甲烷具有较高降解效能的菌种,并自主开发出甲烷氧化菌降解煤吸附甲烷实验分析系统。实验结果表明,在压力为1~5 MPa范围内无论是低氧或无氧状况下,甲烷压力越大越有利于其降解;稀氧条件下煤样对甲烷的吸附量相对于纯甲烷气体吸附量有所降低,然而在同等压力条件下稀氧环境中二氧化碳的增加量及甲烷的降解率都要明显大于无氧条件下,低氧状况下甲烷的最高降解率为47%,最大二氧化碳生成量可达40 cm^3。     

Diversity of methanotrophs in Zoige wetland soils under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions

Zoige wetland is one of the most important methane emission centers in China. The oxidation of methane in the wetland a ects global warming, soil ecology and atmospheric chemistry. Despite their global significance, microorganisms that consume methane in Zoige wetland remain poorly characterized. In this study, we investigated methanotrophs diversity in soil samples from both anaerobic site and aerobic site in Zoige wetland using pmoA gene as a molecular marker. The cloning library was constructed according to the pmoA sequences detected. Four clusters of methanotrophs were detected. The phylogenetic tree showed that all four clusters detected were a liated to type I methanotrophs. Two novel clusters (cluster 1, cluster 2) were found to relate to none of the recognized genera of methanotrophs. These clusters have no cultured representatives and reveal an ecological adaptation of particular uncultured methanotrophs in Zoige wetland. Two clusters were belonging to Methylobacter and Methylococcus separately. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis gel bands pattern retrieved from these two samples revealed that the community compositions of anaerobic soil and aerobic soil were di erent from each other while anaerobic soil showed a higher metanotrophs diversity. Real-time PCR assays of the two samples demonstrated that aerobic soil sample in Zoige wetland was 1.5 times as much copy numbers as anaerobic soil. These data illustrated that methanotrophs are a group of microorganisms influence the methane consumption in Zoige wetland.