辽东湾沿岸水域甲肝病毒和粪大肠菌群分布

报道了2002年辽东湾3个沿岸海域表层海水中甲肝病毒和粪大肠菌群分布的检测结果。结果显示,5月份表层海水 中没有检出甲肝病毒,粪大肠菌群也符合卫生标准;8月份和10月份表层海水中的甲肝病毒loo％呈阳性,粪大肠菌群均超标。 结果表明,粪大肠菌群指示海水中肠道病毒污染程度仍具有很大程度的可靠性。     

南方某城市地表水体中粪源性污染指示微生物的分布特征研究

随着城市居民亲水娱乐活动日益增加,研究城市地表水体的粪源性微生物污染特征,开展人体健康风险评价,并以此为基础开展有效的水质监测和风险管理,对于人口密集的城市区域尤为重要.以我国南方某城市的5个典型地表水体为案例,监测总大肠菌（TC）、粪大肠菌（FC）、大肠埃希氏菌（EC）和肠球菌（ENT）这4种粪源性污染指示微生物以及常规理化水质指标,研究指示微生物在城市地表水体中的浓度水平、时间和空间分布特征以及不同水质指标之间的相关性.结果表明,案例水体中TC和FC通常在10^3～10^7个.L^-1,EC和ENT通常分别低于200个·L^-1和105个·L^-1;4种指示微生物的浓度分布呈现季节变化特征,并且能够指示水体受到周边环境的污染状况;4种指示微生物指标之间以及微生物指标与常规理化水质指标（如溶解氧等）之间具有一定的相关性.     

地表水体中同时分析18种糖皮质激素方法的建立

建立了一种采用固相萃取-超高效液相色谱串极质谱联用系统(UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定地表水体中18种糖皮质激素的高灵敏分析方法.样品经过HLB固相萃取柱富集净化、V(乙腈)/V(乙酸乙酯)=1∶1,洗脱后,用UPLC-MS/MS测定.流动相为甲醇和0.1%乙酸水溶液(体积比),采用梯度洗脱,实现了18种目标物质的基线分离,线性范围为1.0~1 000μg·L-1.实际水样的加标回收率为65%~108%.整个分析的方法检出限(MDL)除醋酸可的松和醋酸氢化可的松为10 ng·L-1外,其他均在0.10 ng·L-1和1.0 ng·L-1之间.应用此方法于北京地表水体5个样品,检测到8种糖皮质激素,浓度范围0.20~476ng·L-1,其中曲安西龙、曲安奈德、醋酸氢化可的松和丙酸氯倍他索在地表水中首次检出,证明了该方法的有效性.     

Molecular approaches to microbiological monitoring: fecal source detection

Molecular methods are useful both to monitor natural communities of bacteria, and to track specific bacterial markers in complex environments. Length-heterogeneity polymerase chain reaction (LH-PCR) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of 16S rDNAs discriminate among 16S rRNA genes based on length polymorphisms of their PCR products. With these methods, we developed an alternative indicator that distinguishes the source of fecal pollution in water. We amplify 16S rRNA gene fragments from the fecal anaerobic genus Bacteroides with specific primers. Because Bacteroides normally resides in gut habitats, its presence in water indicates fecal pollution. Molecular detection circumvents the complexities of growing anaerobic bacteria. We identified Bacteroides LH-PCR and T-RFLP ribosomal DNA markers unique to either ruminant or human feces. The same unique fecal markers were recovered from polluted natural waters. We cloned and sequenced the unique markers; marker sequences were used to design specific PCR primers that reliably distinguish human from ruminant sources of fecal contamination. Primers for more species are under development. This approach is more sensitive than fecal coliform assays, is comparable in complexity to standard food safety and public health diagnostic tests, and lends itself to automation and high-throughput. Thus molecular genetic markers for fecal anaerobic bacteria hold promise for monitoring bacterial pollution and water quality.     

常压等离子体射流去除水中糖皮质激素污染物

搭建射流介质阻挡放电反应器,对常压等离子体射流技术降解水中代表性糖皮质激素氢化可的松（HC）进行了研究.考察了放电功率、空气流量、溶液初始pH值、放电时间等因素对HC降解效果的影响.结果表明,HC的去除率随放电功率增大和放电时间延长而增加;溶液初始pH值、通入空气流量等因素对HC处理效果也有很大影响.在初始浓度为0.138mmol/L,放电功率为49.7W,气流量为4L/min的实验条件下,在本反应器中放电处理120min后HC的去除率可达98%.本文使用了不同自由基抑制剂研究了活性氧自由基（ROS）在HC降解过程中的作用,并通过发射光谱（OES）观测了放电过程中产生的自由基种类.研究结果对常压等离子技术去除有机污染物的发展有一定的参考价值.     

A Comparison of Bacterial Indicators and Methods in Rural Surface Waters

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recommends the use of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and enterococci as indicators of enteric pathogens in fresh waters; however, fecal coliform analyses will remain important by virtue of the large amount of historic data collected in prior years. In this study, we attempted, in a real-world situation (i.e., a rural inland watershed in the Piedmont of South Carolina) to compare different bacterial indicators and methods to one another. We compared fecal coliforms, enumerated by membrane filtration with E. coli, enumerated by a commercialized enzyme substrate method and observed E. coli/fecal coliform ratios of 1.63 and 1.2 for two separate tests. In the same watershed, we observed an E. coli/fecal coliform ratio of 0.84 when we used the commercialized enzyme substrate method for both enumerations. Given these results, users of such data should exercise care when they make comparisons between historic membrane filtration data and data acquired through the use of the more modern enzymatic methods. Some sampling and side-by-side testing between methods in a specific watershed may be prudent before any conversion factors between old and new datasets are applied.     

Evaluation of simple microbiol tests for detection of fecal coliforms directly at 44.5 degrees C

Simple microbial test comprising H₂S paper strip test,presence-absence (PA) test, and fluorogenic brila broth (BB)test performed directly at 44.5 °C were evaluated andcompared with the standard most probable number (MPN) method fordetection of fecal coliforms in 173 drinking water sources. BBand PA test were comparable with standard MPN method, whereas,poor compliance was noted for H₂S test. PA test whencompared with standard MPN test only 15%; disagreement wasdetected, whereas, highest disagreement of 40%; was observed incase of H₂S test. BB test was found to be highly sensitiveas only 7.8% disagreement with that of standard MPN test wasfound. Three hundred cultures obtained from positive tests wereidentified in order to evaluate the specificities of test usedin detection of fecal indicator Escherichia coli. BB testwas also found highly specific in detection of indicatororganism as compared to PA and H₂S test. Among theorganisms isolated from BB test 84.4%; of them were identifiedas E. coli as compared to 43.4 and 33.3 in PA and H₂Stest, respectively. The low incidence of recovery of E.coli (18.1%) for the standard MPN method places doubt on thevalidity of its application in tropical areas. The result ofthis investigation suggest that BB performed directly at 44.5 °C could be suitable cost effective test to assess themicrobiological quality of drinking water in India and other tropical countries.     

Long‐Term Impacts of Poaching on Relatedness,Stress Physiology,and Reproductive Output of Adult Female African Elephants

Abstract: Widespread poaching prior to the 1989 ivory ban greatly altered the demographic structure of matrilineal African elephant (Loxodonta africana) family groups in many populations by decreasing the number of old, adult females. We assessed the long‐term impacts of poaching by investigating genetic, physiological, and reproductive correlates of a disturbed social structure resulting from heavy poaching of an African elephant population in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania, prior to 1989. We examined fecal glucocorticoid levels and reproductive output among 218 adult female elephants from 109 groups differing in size, age structure, and average genetic relatedness over 25 months from 2003 to 2005. The distribution in group size has changed little since 1989, but the number of families with tusked old matriarchs has increased by 14.2%. Females from groups that lacked an old matriarch, first‐order adult relatives, and strong social bonds had significantly higher fecal glucocorticoid values than those from groups with these features (all females R²= 0.31; females in multiadult groups R²= 0.46). Females that frequented isolated areas with historically high poaching risk had higher fecal glucocorticoid values than those in low poaching risk areas. Females with weak bonds and low group relatedness had significantly lower reproductive output (R²[U]=0.21). Females from disrupted groups, defined as having observed average group relatedness 1 SD below the expected mean for a simulated unpoached family, had significantly lower reproductive output than females from intact groups, despite many being in their reproductive prime. These results suggest that long‐term negative impacts from poaching of old, related matriarchs have persisted among adult female elephants 1.5 decades after the 1989 ivory ban was implemented.     

航空污水A/O工艺影响因素的调整

首都机场污水处理厂除了处理机场地区日常的生活污水外,还负责处理航空粪便污水。由于多种原因,2004年上半年航空粪便对污水处理系统造成了冲击。在此介绍了针对负荷的冲击,如何调整工艺,恢复污水处理系统正常运行。