FECAL‐INDICATOR BACTERIA IN STREAMS ALONG A GRADIENT OF RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT1

ABSTRACT: Fecal‐indicator bacteria were sampled at 14 stream sites in Anchorage, Alaska, USA, as part of a study to determine the effects of urbanization on water quality. Population density in the subbasins sampled ranged from zero to 1,750 persons per square kilometer. Higher concentrations of fecal‐coliform, E. coli, and enterococci bacteria were measured at the most urbanized sites. Although fecal‐indicator bacteria concentrations were higher in summer than in winter, seasonal differences in bacteria concentrations generally were not significant. Areas served by sewer systems had significantly higher fecal‐indicator bacteria concentrations than did areas served by septic systems. The areas served by sewer systems also had storm drains that discharged directly to the streams, whereas storm sewers were not present in the areas served by septic systems. Fecal‐indicator bacteria concentrations were highly variable over a two‐day period of stable streamflow, which may have implications for testing of compliance to water‐quality standards.     

高温厌氧消化中底物浓度对病原指示微生物杀灭的影响

剩余污泥中含有大量病原微生物,土地利用之前必须进行适当的处理,降低病原微生物的数量,以降低环境风险.通过研究在不同的底物浓度条件下,剩余污泥高温厌氧消化(55℃)过程对病原指示微生物的杀灭效果,分析厌氧消化前后污泥中病原指示微生物数量变化的原因.结果表明,随着底物浓度的增加,VFAs浓度和累积产甲烷量增加.在底物浓度为28~84 g·L-1、温度为55℃、持续28 d的高温厌氧消化过程中,上清液中总大肠杆菌下降2.0~3.0个数量级、粪大肠杆菌下降1.8~3.3个数量级;消化后污泥中总大肠杆菌和粪大肠杆菌杀灭率均达到99%以上;且上清液中和消化污泥中均未检测到沙门氏菌的存在.在研究底物浓度范围内,当底物浓度大于45 g·L-1时,消化液和污泥中总大肠杆菌和粪大肠杆菌的杀灭效果下降.     

水中粪大肠菌群测定方法的比较研究分析——酶底物法与多管发酵法

用酶底物法与多管发酵法分别检测地表水和污水同组样品。应用t-检验：成对双样本均值分析的统计方法比较两种检测手段测定结果的相关性。结果表明,酶底物法与多管发酵法用于水中粪大肠菌群检测,测定结果具有强相关性,但统计学意义上有差异。在置信度95%时此差异能被接受。酶底物法操作简便、快速、结果稳定,满足环境监测技术要求,可用以评价水质微生物污染程度。     

略论粪大肠菌群及其多管发酵法检测研究

水的细菌学测定特别是肠道细菌的检验,在环境影响评价、环境卫生监督等方面具有重要意义,粪大肠菌群是水质特别是饮用水重要检测指标,其多管发酵检测法是国家及行业标准方法,在实践中对一些需要引起重视的环节要加以重视,以提高检测的精确度。     

北运河粪源微生物分布特征及健康风险评价

河流微生物污染研究对流域水环境保护和公共卫生管理至关重要.本研究以海河流域北运河水系典型河流断面为研究对象,系统评估了北运河水系微生物污染特征及其健康风险.结果表明,北运河水系丰水期的粪源微生物污染严重,大部分断面菌群量超过105MPN·L~(-1),平水期和枯水期粪源微生物菌群量约为103～105MPN·L~(-1),变化不显著;流域内的农业河段粪源微生物最为严重,呈劣五类水体概率超60%,城市河段降雨前后粪源微生物含量变化更明显,部分河流断面的粪源微生物菌群量从103MPN·L~(-1)增长为106MPN·L~(-1); 2017年丰水期,北运河水系粪大肠菌群的单次暴露风险主要在0. 015～0. 035之间,莲花河、马草河、清河下、温榆河下为人体健康风险的关键敏感断面,需重点关注.     

再生水补给型城市景观水体中抗生素抗性基因的污染特征——以圆明园为例

由于抗生素抗性基因(Antibiotic Resistance Genes,ARGs)对环境和人类健康存在潜在威胁而逐渐受到人们的重视,高人口密度城市中典型景观水体是ARGs储存库和传播媒介.本研究采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,研究了圆明园不同点位的ARGs污染情况和分布特征.结果表明:园区中ARGs的绝对丰度范围在n.d.(未检出)～1.08×10~9copies·L~(-1)之间;园区进水口目标ARGs的丰度低于末端,表明封闭的水体可能为ARGs的积累提供了理想培养基.在所检测基因中,磺胺类ARGs占主导,ARGs的绝对丰度依次为:sulIIsulImefAtetQtetMermB.磺胺类ARGs与指示微生物粪大肠菌群和大肠杆菌间存在显著相关性,表明指示微生物在ARGs的传播中可能起着关键作用.     

微生物污染源解析技术研究进展

针对目前新兴的微生物污染源解析技术（MST）研究进展进行了归纳总结.结果表明,标记物的源强特征显著影响水体微生物污染水平的评估,选用标记物时应同时考虑灵敏度和源强特征;与非目标物种样品产生交叉反应导致标记物特异性降低,可通过稀释样品或DNA纯化等手段降低假阳性信号强度;粪便源解析文库（FTL）中应涵盖的宿主种类,以及每类宿主应纳入的个体数量均会影响建库源解析结果的准确性,可通过权重分析来确定源文库中各宿主应囊括的样本量,提高识别污染源的准确性;FTL中的物种与土著微生物分类较为接近时,SourceTracker难以准确区分微生物污染来源,将土著微生物信息纳入FTL并多次运行程序可提高SourceTracker识别污染源的能力.未来应加强对标记物灵敏度和源强特征之间相关关系的研究,同时探讨标记物源强特征产生差异的成因以及交叉反应产生的机理;另一方面,应深入探究粪源微生物种内变异程度和土著微生物的种类对建库源解析法的影响机制,以期建立准确、完善的微生物污染源解析技术.     

STORM AND SEASONAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF FECAL COLIFORMS AND CRYPTOSPORIDIUM IN A SPRING1

ABSTRACT: The transmission of disease in ground water is a topic of great concern to government agencies, ground water specialists, and the general public. The purpose of this study was to compare the temporal variability in storm flow of fecal coliform bacteria densities and Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst densities in agriculturally impacted karst ground water. Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst densities ranged from 0 to 1,050 oocysts/1, and mean storm densities ranged from 3.5 to 156.8 oocysts/1. Fecal coliform densities ranged from less than 1 CFU/100ml to more than 40,000 CFU/100ml, and geometric mean storm densities ranged from 1.7 CFU/100ml to more than 7,000 CFU/100ml. Fecal coliform densities correlated well with flow during storms, but Cryptosporidium oocyst densities exhibited a great deal of sample to sample variability and were not correlated with flow. Fecal coliform densities did not correlate positively with Cryptosporidium oocyst densities. Fecal coliform densities were greatest at storm peaks, when sediment loads were also greatest. Multiple transport mechanisms for fecal coliform bacteria and C. parvum oocysts may necessitate various agricultural land management and livestock health maintenance practices to control movement of pathogens to karst ground water.     

FECAL COLIFORM RELEASE FROM CATTLE FECAL DEPOSITS1

ABSTRACT: Cowpies molded to a standard configuration and size were subjected to simulated rainfall, and the fecal coliform counts were determined using the most probable number (MPN) method of enumeration. The standard cowpie deposits were exposed to simulated rainfall once at ages 2 through 100 days. The effects of rainfall intensity and recurrent rainfall were also tested. Naturally-occurring fecal deposits were also tested to compare their results with those from the standard cowpies. A log-log regression was found to describe the decline in peak fecal coliform release with fecal deposit age. The 100-day-old fecal deposits produced peak counts of 4,200 fecal coliform per 100 milliliters of water. This quantity of release is minimal compared to the release from fresher fecal material. Rainfall intensity had little effect on peak fecal coliform release from fecal deposits that were 2 or 10 days old. At age 20 days the effect of rainfall intensity was significant; the highest intensity gave the lowest peak counts, and the lowest intensity gave the highest peak counts. The effect of rainfall intensity appears to be related to the dryness of the fecal deposits. Peak fecal coliform counts were significantly lowered when the fecal deposits were rained on more than once. This decline was thought to be produced by the loss of bacteria from the fecal deposits during the previous wettings. Standard cowpies produced a peak release regression that was not significantly different from the regression for the natural fecal deposits. Apparently, grossly manipulating the fecal deposits did not significantly change the release patterns.     

STATEWIDE EMPIRICAL MODELING OF BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF SURFACE WATERS1

ABSTRACT: Bacterial contamination of surface waters is attributed to both urban and agricultural land use practices and is one of the most frequently cited reasons for failure to meet standards established under the Clean Water Act (CWA) (P.L. 92–500). Statewide modeling can be used to determine if bacterial contamination occurs predominantly in urban or agricultural settings. Such information is useful for directing future monitoring and allocating resources for protection and restoration activities. Logistic regression was used to model the likelihood of bacterial contamination using watershed factors for the state of Maryland. Watershed factors included land cover, soils, topography, hydrography, locations of septic systems, and animal feeding operations. Results indicated that bacterial contamination occurred predominantly in urban settings. Likelihood of bacterial contamination was highest for small watersheds with well drained and erodible soils and a high proportion of urban land adjacent to streams. The number of septic systems and animal feeding operations and the amount of agricultural land were not significant explanatory factors. The urban infrastructure tends to “connect” more of the watershed to the stream network through the creation of roads, storm sewers, and wastewater treatment plants. This may partly explain the relationship between urbanization and bacterial contamination found in this study.