Chloride Released from Three Permeable Pavement Surfaces after Winter Salt Application

Few studies exist on how chloride from chloride‐based deicers is transported in infiltration‐based stormwater control measures. In 2009, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) constructed a 0.4 ha parking lot in Edison, New Jersey, that was surfaced with permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP), pervious concrete (PC), and porous asphalt (PA). Each surface type has four equally sized, lined sections that direct all infiltrate to separate 5.7 m³ collection tanks. The USEPA acute criterion for aquatic life (860 mg/l) was exceeded in events immediately following a snow event. Concentrations of the infiltrate exceeded the detection limit (5 mg/l) year round but did not exceed the USEPA chronic toxicity (230 mg/l) after April. The chloride concentration decreased with cumulative rainfall since previous snow event, and a power regression described this relationship. In the power regression, the coefficient (b) described the initial concentration following a snow event, and the exponent (m) described the rate in which chloride was flushed through the system with infiltrating water. PC had the largest coefficient (5,664) and largest absolute exponent (?0.92), followed closely by PICP (b = 4,943 and m = ?0.87), and distantly by PA (b = 2,907 and m = ?0.67). The differences in release rate were proportional to the measured surface infiltration rates of 4,000; 2,400; and 200 cm/h for PC, PICP, and PA, respectively. These results will assist those who manage or regulate stormwater where receiving waters are chloride impaired.     

30MHz以下电动车辆电磁兼容测试方法研究

本文深入研究SAE J551-5:2012,剖析30MHz以下电动车辆的电场辐射发射、磁场辐射发射和传导发射的测试布置、最大发射工况选择、测试过程、场分量和检波器组合、限值等方面;对比SAE J551-5:2004,针对GB/T18387-2008,提出若干修订建议,以提高其实用性和可操作性。     

论江西省田塍资源及其开发利用

田塍是耕地资源的重要组成部分。江西地处长江中下游南岸，田塍资源丰富，条件优越，具有很大的生产潜力。本文分析了江西田塍资源的现状和特点，阐述了开发利用田塍资源的必要性和优越性；提出了开发利用江西田塍资源的若干建议。     

碳源对工业污染场地土壤中HCHs和DDTs降解的促进作用

我国对有机氯农药的大量需求使得在农药生产、加工和分装等过程中造成了许多城镇中存在有机氯农药污染场地,限制了土地的后续开发利用.本研究选取3种类型的碳源组成有机修复剂A、B、C,添加到受有机氯工业污染场地土壤中进行微生物降解试验,并对比了3种修复剂的效果.试验过程中,反应体系水分含量为50％,添加零价金属调节氧化还原电位,采用好氧/厌氧交替循环方式进行生物降解.实验结果表明:3种修复剂对HCHs和DDTs的降解都有显著促进作用.与DDTs相比,HCHs较易降解.90 d内,添加修复剂(A、B、C)的处理中∑HCH的浓度分别从73.37~85.71 mg·kg^-1降解到了15.88~38.21 mg·kg^-1.与未添加修复剂的对照相比较,∑HCH的降解率提高了19%~52%,90 d内,ΣHCH的降解率最高可达81%.添加修复剂(A、B、C)的处理中ΣDDT的浓度分别从91.68~119.79 mg·kg^-1降解到了45.1~60.7 mg·kg^-1,相对未添加修复剂的对照试验,∑DDT的降解率提高了39%~45%,30 d内∑DDT的降解率最高可达到51%,但30 d后降解效率无明显增加.就不同类型碳源的促进作用来看,C/N最高,而含水率最低的修复剂B的效果最好,而C/N比最低而含水率最高的修复剂A效果最差.     

非烟气工况下常规烟塔与改造烟塔内部结构的比较

根据流体力学理论,基于Fluent6.3.26计算平台,对常规冷却塔和改造后的排烟冷却塔进行了三维内部流场的模拟。分析非烟气工况下,两塔内部烟道布置对气流的影响,为进一步研究在工况条件下烟气、水蒸气塔内扰流与湿热蒸汽抬升作用提供理论基础。验证了改造烟塔内部烟道布置的优越性,对排烟冷却塔结构优化有一定的指导意义。     

轮作方式对冬水田温室气体排放的影响

以位于西南大学农业部重庆紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站内的冬水田(RF)、水稻-油菜轮作(RR)和水稻-儿菜轮作(RV)农田为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对农田的温室气体的排放通量进行了为期一年的原位观测,其中采用静态暗箱技术观测CH4和N2O,静态明箱技术观测CO2.结果表明,不同轮作方式下CH4的年排放总量[以CH4计,kg·hm-2]RF(422.87±27.1) RR(132.05±23.11) RV(50.91±3.83),其中RV与RR处理较RF处理CH4排放量有明显下降(P0.05);N2O的年排放总量[以N2O计,kg·hm-2]依次为RV(21.38±6.51) RR(20.02±5.23) RF(0.48±0.02),RV和RR处理N2O的排放总量均显著高于RF(P0.05);CO2的年净排放总量[以CO2计,t·hm-2]为RR(-55.43±5.04) RV(-29.1±3.00) RF(-14.08±1.81),RV和RR处理CO2的吸收量显著高于RF处理(P0.05).在100a时间尺度上,全年排放的CH4、N2O和CO2所引起综合GWP(以CO2计,t·hm-2)为RR(-46.43) RV(-22.01) RF(-2.11),表明冬水田转变为水旱轮作系统后能显著提升农田生态系统的增汇效果,相比于RV处理,RR处理增汇效果更好,即在西南地区水稻-油菜轮作农田在生态系统增汇上是一种最有效的轮作方式.     

论水稻土肥力进化与土壤质量——以太湖地区为例

太湖地区是我国古老农业区之一。在六七千年之前先民已开始种植水稻 ,随着耕作培肥措施不断加强 ,与土壤肥力进化同步伴随着耕作轮作制的不断演进 ,由轮荒———沤田———水旱轮作———三熟制的变化 ,土壤基础肥力稳步提高 ,稻麦单位面积产量逐年上升。该区水稻土历经数千年的耕肥与平田整地等人为活动 ,在起源土壤背景上发育成五类水稻土 ,这五类水稻土经过培肥改良均达到水旱轮作高产稳产阶段 ,尽管地力上还存在不同程度的差异 ,这不能不说是人为定向培育的成果。在一般情况下 ,土壤质量是由土壤肥力决定的 ,基础肥力高低是农业生产优质高产低耗的关键 ,在评价土壤质量时必需首先予以关注。当然 ,随着工业的发展 ,土壤污染所波及的农产品超标问题 ,也应在评价土壤质量时予以关注 ,并作为评价因素在综合评价体系中占有应有的份量     

施肥对稻田甲烷排放的影响

采用自动连续测量系统，对不同施肥情况下稻田甲烷排放通量进行了监测。结果表明：施肥是影响稻田甲烷排放的重要因素。增施有机肥会导致甲烷排放量增加．应用化肥可降低甲烷排放，有机肥加倍处理，３２ｄ甲烷总排放量１６．４０ｇＣＨ＿４／ｍ￣２，是化肥加倍处理的１．５６倍；常规施肥处理介于两者之间。略高于常规加倍处理。肥料种类对甲烷排放量也有影响。全施有机肥高于有机肥加化肥（１：１）组，施沼渣肥组次之，全化肥组排放量最低，不到全有机肥处理排放量的１／５．有机肥又以施人畜粪的甲烷排放率最高，绿肥次之，沼渣肥和稻草的甲烷排放率最低。有机肥的多级利用是减少稻田甲烷排放的一条重要途径。     

Changes in earth’s dipole

The dipole moment of Earth’s magnetic field has decreased by nearly over the past 150 years and by about 30% over the past 2,000 years according to archeomagnetic measurements. Here, we explore the causes and the implications of this rapid change. Maps of the geomagnetic field on the core–mantle boundary derived from ground-based and satellite measurements reveal that most of the present episode of dipole moment decrease originates in the southern hemisphere. Weakening and equatorward advection of normal polarity magnetic field by the core flow, combined with proliferation and growth of regions where the magnetic polarity is reversed, are reducing the dipole moment on the core–mantle boundary. Growth of these reversed flux regions has occurred over the past century or longer and is associated with the expansion of the South Atlantic Anomaly, a low-intensity region in the geomagnetic field that presents a radiation hazard at satellite altitudes. We address the speculation that the present episode of dipole moment decrease is a precursor to the next geomagnetic polarity reversal. The paleomagnetic record contains a broad spectrum of dipole moment fluctuations with polarity reversals typically occurring during dipole moment lows. However, the dipole moment is stronger today than its long time average, indicating that polarity reversal is not likely unless the current episode of moment decrease continues for a thousand years or more.     

高强与高性能混凝土温湿度场应力分析

针对高强与高性能混凝土易于开裂的特点,对高强高性能混凝土早期温湿度场随龄期发展的分布情况以及混凝土的收缩变形进行理论分析,建立相应的计算模型,编制三维有限元程序,分析在外界温湿度变化以及不同养护条件下由混凝土内部温差和湿度变化产生的温度应力和干燥收缩应力,从施工养护方法上探讨了高强与高性能混凝土抗裂性能的改善措施.