珠三角空气质量数值预报系统的检验与订正研究

通过对珠三角空气质量预报模式的模拟结果进行检验,发现模式预报值整体偏小,特别是峰值,但变化趋势与实测一致,峰值都能较好模拟出.模式对PM10的预报准确率要高于PM2.5,从等级预报来看PM10和PM2.5的二级预报准确率要高于一级,利用MOS方法对模式预报结果进行订正,订正后颗粒物平均偏差都有一定程度的下降,颗粒物等级预报准确率PM10由64.7%提高到77.6%,PM2.5由59.9%提高至74.5%,准确率的提高明显.     

基于观测的臭氧污染研究方法

总结了国内外研究中常用的基于外场观测的臭氧污染成因分析方法。区域传输和本地生成的相对贡献以及臭氧与前体物的非线性关系是研究臭氧污染和制定控制对策的两个关键科学问题。基于对观测数据的分析,常见的量化区域传输和本地生成贡献的方法包括背景点测量法、TCEQ区域背景臭氧估算法和主成分分析区域背景臭氧估算法;用于诊断臭氧光化学生成机制的方法包括光化学指示剂比值法和基于观测的化学模型。本文对上述方法的原理和应用情况进行了总结,并对其优缺点和适用条件进行了评述,以期为环境监测资料的深入科学分析提供参考和借鉴。     

含硫气田井喷事故行动计划(IAP)编制研究

本文对国内外事故行动计划的研究进展进行了系统性总结,分析了含硫气田井喷事故发生的原因以及特点.结合我国现行的事故应急工作体系,将事故行动计划应用在含硫气田井喷事故应急工作中,提出了针对含硫气田井喷事故的事故行动计划编制方法,建立了包括现状分析、设立事故目标、确定应急组织体系和职责、制定应急处置措施、调配应急资源、开展评估与监控在内的含硫气田井喷事故行动计划编制技术体系.事故行动计划的制定与实施,可有效提高含硫气田应急工作的针对性和指导性,对含硫气田井喷事故应急工作具有重要作用.     

室外风作用下竖井结构内火灾烟气运动规律研究

室外风是影响高层（超高层）建筑火灾蔓延的主要因素。通过数值模拟六个不同火灾场景温度场、能见度及CO浓度场变化过程,定量总结了不同风向、风速条件下侧向全开竖井结构内烟气运动规律。模拟结果发现,迎面风作用下,竖井内会产生较高滞止压力,中性面位置上升,上部烟气加速向竖井下部蔓延,下部烟气通过开口排出;背面风作用下,中性面位置...     

普光气田环境空气植物监测体系的初步构想

在简要回顾国内外有关植物监测大气污染研究的基础上,针对普光气田主要大气污染因子与环境监测现状,从监测植物筛选、监测点位选取、监测体系标准化、"植物-大气-土壤"综合评价系统以及应急监测机制等五个方面,讨论了构建该地区环境空气植物监测体系的基本想法和建议,并进行了展望,供项目建设决策参考。     

洞庭湖区空斗墙建筑抗震性能实测及数值模拟

通过现场实测及数值模拟对洞庭湖区典型空斗墙建筑的抗震性能进行了研究。研究结果表明:数值模型能很好地反映实际结构的动力特性。时程分析结果表明,在保证材料强度的情况下,洞庭湖区典型空斗墙建筑可满足我国抗震规范7度(0.10g)多遇地震的设防要求,其中柔性楼屋盖空斗墙建筑更是可基本达到7度(0.15g)多遇地震设防要求;柔性楼屋盖空斗墙建筑的抗震抗剪承载力比半刚性楼屋盖空斗墙建筑的要高23.1%;眠砌构造柱可提高半刚性楼屋盖空斗墙建筑抗震抗剪承载力5%。     

利用欧洲数值预报产品制作哈尔滨市七日天气预报

阐述了利用已有数值预报产品和NCEP历史资料通过相似方法制作哈尔滨市24～168h的七日天气预报(包括降水、最高气温、最低气温)。根据高空形势场、地面形势场和物理量场相同条件下,其天气现象一般相同的天气学原理,将高空预报形势场与历史形势场作形、值相似比较,筛选出关系较好的相似个例,导出相似个例的要素,以其作为预报日的要素预报参考,并结合T639降水量预报和日本降水数值预报作出降水的综合预报。     

Ignition of dust-air atmospheres by ultrasonic waves

This paper shows the results of our investigations on the ignition source ultrasound in dust-air atmospheres. Ultrasound is, on the one hand, considered to be an ignition source according to international safety standards (EN 1127–1 (2011)). On the other hand, though, ultrasound is used for various applications in gases and air, such as level and flow measurement, or in the process industry, but no explosion accidents have yet been reported. Our research now shows that it is indeed possible to ignite dust-air mixtures in ultrasound fields under certain conditions. We conducted our experiments in an ultrasound standing wave field and used maize starch, calcium stearate and sulfur dust. For ignitions, an absorbing target was needed to convert the acoustic energy into heat. From theoretical estimations and experiments critical conditions that provoke ultrasonically triggered explosions are identified.     

Box Handling in the Loading and Unloading of Vans

The handling of 2,306 boxes being loaded or unloaded from vans onto or from 4-wheeled trolleys by 31 handlers in a warehouse were characterized. Handling was videotaped and characterized through an analysis grid completed by three trained observers. The following execution parameters were observed: nature of the exertion applied by the upper limbs, plane and direction of the exertion, resulting displacement of the box, grip, use of the lower limbs and the back. Results show that execution parameters used by handlers vary considerably from those usually recommended or studied. For example, symmetric grips were rarely used (4%). The grip was modified during the handling of half the boxes. Significant knee flexion was rarely observed (3% of exertions). Each box was moved by applying an average of . 3.5 different exertions. Exertions were mostly applied in a plane parallel to the shoulders; they were rarely executed in a strict sagittal plane (11%). The implication of these observations are discussed.     

Air Pollution Modelling at an Urban Scale – Russian Experience and Problems

Urban concentration fields are extremely inhomogeneous andtheir gradients are very high. It results in specificproblems when modelling air pollution at the urban scalethat are analysed in this paper. Some examples ofmisrepresentation of the urban concentration field,computed with the use of the source-receptor type models,are given here. They can help in understanding the natureof the problems we face and reveal deficiencies of thecomputational technologies in use. Filtering of thecomputed fields is suggested as an instrument for improvingtheir quality. Its efficiency is proved on the test runs.An algorithm for refinement of the filtered fields isintroduced in this paper.