Vertical migration of radionuclides in undisturbed grassland soils

Literature data on numerical values obtained for the parameters of the two most popular models for simulating the migration of radionuclides in undisturbed soils have been compiled and evaluated statistically. Due to restrictions on the applicability of compartmental models, the convection–dispersion equation and its parameter values should be preferred. For radiocaesium, recommended values are derived for its effective convection velocity and dispersion coefficient. Data deficiencies still exist for radionuclides other than caesium and for soils of non-temperate environments.     

COMPARISON OF METHODS TO ESTIMATE DEEP PERCOLATION RATES1

ABSTRACT: Deep percolation rates are normally estimated from a water balance. Results are presented of a study undertaken to evaluate three alternative methods of estimating percolation below the root zone when knowledge about the history of applied water and evapotranspiration are not available. The alternative methods are: 1) use of Darcy's equation to calculate deep percolation rate; 2) measurement of the soil temperature prof and calculation of the deep percolation rate from the shape of the temperature depth curve; and 3) measurement of the tritium concentration in the soil water and its relationship to the history of the tritium concentration in rainfall. At the principal study site, the Darcy velocity of flow ranged from 9 cm per year determined by the temperature method, to 40 cm per year determined by the tritium method. Darcy's equation to calculate seepage rates resulted in an estimation of deep seepage of 18 cm per year. An average deep percolation rate at the principal study site of 22 cm per year was determined using the average of all three methods. Results for other sites based on the temperature method indicated a lower seepage rate.     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定地下水中锰的不确定度评定

本文对电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定地下水中锰含量的不确定度进行了评定,标准曲线采用双误差拟合法,建立了不确定度评定模型,对测定地下水样品中锰含量的不确定度作了评估。     

智能手机应用程序使用与操作的驾驶分心风险影响研究

为研究智能手机应用程序操作方式与使用行为对驾驶分心影响的问题,探讨智能手机程序操作方式对驾驶分心影响的优劣关系,基于结构方程模型提出4个因果关系假设,构建涵盖程序使用、驾驶分心、驾驶绩效等潜变量的智能手机使用行为影响的结构方程模型。通过收集线下问卷的方式进行调查,搭建模拟场景,设计6项实验方案,通过驾驶模拟实验方式收集相关数据,建立相对偏差矩阵。研究结果表明：手机通话功能的使用(路径系数0.472)对驾驶分心影响显著,手机导航功能使用(路径系数0.256)、手机音乐功能使用(路径系数0.249)对驾驶分心影响不显著。语音交互方式均优于手动操作方式,其中语音交互启动导航方式(F₃=0.019)的影响最小。研究结果可对道路驾驶情况下智能手机应用使用与操作方式的研究起推动作用。     

煤田火区塌陷区渗透系数分布研究

通过分析煤田火区地表下沉量和破碎岩块孔隙率的关系,对地表下沉量进行测量,分析计算得到火区破碎岩块孔隙率的分布方程。在实验室中测量不同孔隙率破碎岩块的渗透系数,拟合建立渗透系数和孔隙率的关系方程,利用求得的关系方程和通过地表下沉量测量法得到的孔隙率分布方程,求得煤田火区塌陷区破碎岩块的渗透系数分布方程。     

矩形截面毛坯挤压矩形工件的上限研究

应用上限法建立了由矩形毛坯正挤压矩形截面工件的等挤压比流动模型 ,推导出了三次多项式表示的流线方程 ,给出了变形区的动可容速度场、应变速率场及上限功率的表达式 ,获得了挤压力的上限数值解 ;分析了变形程度、工件截面形状等参数对挤压力的影响 ,并获得了相对挤压应力与截面形状系数之间的近似关系式。研究证明采用流线速度场进行上限分析比其他方法更符合实际情况 ,根据流线设计的凹模优于常规凹模 ,如平底模。     

预测有机废气在活性半焦上吸附量的实验研究

以甲苯和苯组成的双组分气体作为吸附质,活性半焦作为吸附剂在20℃下进行吸附实验,测定该混合气体在活性半焦上的平衡吸附量;再利用纯组分甲苯和苯在活性半焦上的Langmuir吸附等温线,运用Extend-Langmuir(E-L)方程预测双组分气体在活性半焦上的平衡吸附量,并与实验值进行对比.实验结果表明,E-L方程对于预测甲苯-苯双组分气体在活性半焦上的总平衡吸附量要比各组分吸附量准确,平均相对误差仅为1.40％,最大相对误差为3.32％.     

组织管理失误对操作人员行为安全影响分析

为使操作人员行为更安全,对组织管理失误进行分析,归纳为管理控制失误、组 织规程失误、组织安全管理失误、安全监督失误、教育培训不足5个方面,运用结构方 程模型（SEM）分析对操作人员行为安全的影响,使用AMOS软件对模型求解。运用直觉 三角模糊数对模型中指标进行评价并采用TOPSIS法对不安全行为进行排序。研究表明: 管理控制和组织规程对建立安全监督体系有正向作用;管理控制和组织规程对组织安全 管理实施有正向作用;管理控制和组织规程对有教育培训正向作用;建立安全监督体系 、组织安全管理实施和教育培训对操作人员安全行为有正向作用。进行风险排序有利于 企业对关键工种提出改进措施,提高企业效益。     

Combining sap flow and eddy covariance approaches to derive stomatal and non-stomatal O3 fluxes in a forest stand

Stomatal O₃ fluxes to a mixed beech/spruce stand (Fagus sylvatica/Picea abies) in Central Europe were determined using two different approaches. The sap flow technique yielded the tree-level transpiration, whereas the eddy covariance method provided the stand-level evapotranspiration. Both data were then converted into stomatal ozone fluxes, exemplifying this novel concept for July 2007. Sap flow-based stomatal O₃ flux was 33% of the total O₃ flux, whereas derivation from evapotranspiration rates in combination with the Penman-Monteith algorithm amounted to 47%. In addition to this proportional difference, the sap flow-based assessment yielded lower levels of stomatal O₃ flux and reflected stomatal regulation rather than O₃ exposure, paralleling the daily courses of canopy conductance for water vapor and eddy covariance-based total stand-level O₃ flux. The demonstrated combination of sap flow and eddy covariance approaches supports the development of O₃ risk assessment in forests from O₃ exposure towards flux-based concepts.