铜陵尾矿土壤重金属污染物的固定修复

化学固定法通过向土壤中添加一定的固定剂,降低重金属有效态含量达到修复土壤重金属污染的目的。利用石灰、炉渣和稻草作为土壤重金属固定剂,通过土壤与固定剂的混合来修复铜陵Cu、Cd、Zn污染土壤,分析石灰、炉渣和稻草对土壤有效态Cu、Cd、Zn的固定修复效率和土壤微生物代谢呼吸率的影响。结果表明:除石灰与炉渣单独使用时对Cu固定修复效率低,以及稻草单独使用对Cd与Zn的固定修复效率也较差外,固定剂能够显著的降低有效态Cu、Cd、Zn含量(〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗<005),尤其石灰、煤渣和稻草的混合物能够最为高效的降低有效态Cu、Cd、Zn含量,固定修复效率分别为9428%、7810%和 9857%,同时还能显著提高土壤微生物的代谢呼吸率(〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗<005),增大微生物的活性。Pearson’s相关系数分析进一步表明在重金属污染的酸性土壤中,同时增加碱性物质和有机质含量能够较为高效地降低有效态重金属含量,增强土壤微生物抗重金属胁迫和毒性耐受能力,利于土壤的复垦再利用     

Removal of emulsified fuel oils from brackish and pond water by dissolved air flotation with and without polyelectrolyte use: pilot-scale investigation for estuarine and near shore applications

In coastal areas, estuaries, and inland waters, dispersant use after oil spills is not allowed due to sensitivity of the ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to investigate the removal of emulsified fuel oils from brackish and pond water by dissolved air flotation (DAF) with and without use of coagulants. Experiments were conducted with a 60 L DAF system. Fuel oil-water emulsions were prepared with regular unleaded gasoline, jet fuel, and diesel fuel mixed at 1:1:1 (v/v/v) ratio. Batch and continuous runs were conducted at air pressurization of 354.6 kPa. During both batch and continuous modes, significant petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) removal was achieved within 10 min. Coagulant addition initially increased the PHC removal by about 5-15%. However, effectiveness of the coagulant was not significant after 20 min due to breakage of the aggregates. In general, the pond water had higher PHC removal than the brackish water. With longer run times, PHC removal improved slightly and the effluent contained increasing fractions of higher molecular weight compounds indicating that PHC removal was due to both DAF and stripping processes. Results indicate that DAF process can be effective both with and without the use of coagulants for removing PHCs from brackish and pond waters.     

混凝—气浮工艺预处理ABS树脂生产废水

采用混凝—气浮工艺对ABS树脂生产过程中的丁二烯聚合工段和乳液接枝工段混合废水进行预处理,优化了工艺条件。实验结果表明：最佳药剂组合为CaCl₂和阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺（FO4440SSH）,最佳CaCl₂投加量为75 mg/L,最佳FO4440SSH投加量为10 mg/L,最佳废水pH范围为5~7;最优操作条件为以288 r/min的转速搅拌混凝1 min,再以72 r/min的转速搅拌絮凝20 min;混凝阶段的最佳G值为159.9 s^-1、GT值为9 594,絮凝阶段的最佳G值为24.5 s^-1、GT值为29 400;优化条件下,废水的浊度与COD去除率均可达98%以上。     

气浮与生化强化工艺在油田污水工程改造中应用

针对河南油田聚合物驱采油污水,定性分析了污水中的聚合物,研究了聚合物对污水COD的影响.结果表明,污水中聚合物的分子结构发生了一定的变化-CONH2水解为-COOH,同时测定了污水中1 mg/L部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)贡献1.3 mg/L COD.随着3次采油技术的发展,油田污水中聚合物含量逐年增大,聚合物含量大幅上升是导致污水COD上升的根本原因.在原有处理工艺基础上,增加絮凝气浮处理工艺单元,改造工程采用“预曝气除油+絮凝气浮+A/O生物膜”处理工艺后,运行结果表明,出水COD为65 ～ 90 mg/L,达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB/T 8978-1996)一级排放标准.     

SDS和PVP强化生物淋溶锰渣的性能

在生物淋溶锰渣的过程中,设置一系列浓度梯度(0～100 mg/L)的离子型表面活性剂SDS(十二烷基硫酸钠)和非离子型表面活性剂PVP(聚乙烯吡咯烷酮),研究两种活性剂对硫杆菌生长和对锰渣中锰的浸出率的影响.结果表明,两种表面活性剂均能有效强化硫杆菌对锰渣的淋溶性能,SDS和PVP的最佳浓度分别为35 mg/L和15 mg/L,在最佳浓度条件下,两者均能显著降低培养液的pH值,提高锰的浸出率,其浸出率分别达到88％和83％,均高于对照组的72％.进一步分析表明,SDS比PVP更能有效提高浸出体系的ORP电位,促进锰的浸出.电镜结果表明,在最佳浓度条件下,SDS比PVP更能有效促进硫杆菌对锰渣表面的侵蚀,降低锰渣的表面粒度,提高锰渣中锰的浸出率.     

铀尾矿库中238U运移数值模拟

铀尾矿库退役后要进行环境治理和长期监测,对库中放射性核素进行模拟可以为放射性废物安全管理提供科学依据.笔者采用有限元法对尾矿中238U在地下水中的迁移情况进行了模拟,结果表明,尾矿库治理后1 000 a,238U迁移到距尾矿库边缘183 m的地方,未到达附近河流.     

Comparison between availability of heavy metals in dry and wetland tailing of an abandoned copper tailing pond

Wetland sediments are generally considered as a sink for metals and, in the anoxic zone, may contain very high concentrations of heavy metals in reduced state. A comprehensive study was carried out to compare the differences of total, environmentally available (Env-Av), HOAC, EDTA and DTPA available heavy metal fraction in tailing of the marshy area of a copper tailing pond and the dry tailing. The average concentrations of all the seven metals in the wetland tailing were found higher than dry tailing. Regarding pH, organic carbon, availailable N, P and K also found higher in marshy wetland tailing compare to the dry tailing. This information is needed in order to understand wetland system and to assure that wetlands do not themselves eventually become sources of metal contamination to surrounding areas. But as levels of pollutants increases, the ability of a wetland system to incorporate waste can be impaired and the wetland can become a source of toxicity.     

镉铜污染尾矿土中添加耐镉铜菌剂J5后微生物区系多样性的变化

采用酶解法和化学裂解法相结合的方法从安徽铜陵镉铜污染尾矿土中提取出土壤微生物基因组总DNA,并应用PCR-DGGE技术对比研究尾矿土中添加外源硫酸镉、硫酸铜和耐镉铜菌剂J5(Pseudomonassp.)后微生物区系多样性的变化.结果表明,尾矿土中微生物基因组总DNA分子量大小为21kb左右,未复垦的尾矿砂中微生物总DNA量较少,CdSO4处理后的尾矿土中微生物基因组总DNA量明显下降,而添加菌剂J5的尾矿土中微生物基因组总DNA量上升.DGGE电泳图谱进一步显示,尾矿土样中添加镉离子使图谱条带减少,分析表明尾矿土中的细菌种类数减少;而添加菌剂J5使图谱中条带明显增加,表明菌剂J5可提高尾矿土中土著微生物的活性和群落丰富度,可用于复合重金属污染尾矿区的生态恢复.     

SBR法处理选矿废水的影响因素研究

为考察硫化矿浮选废水生物降解效能,采用序批式生物反应器(SBR)研究浮选废水的降解能力,探讨不同的运行条件对苯胺黑药、黄药及乙硫氮去除效果的影响。结果表明:经过24 d的培养驯化,浮选药剂的降解达到预期效果;SBR在HRT为2 h,pH在6～7之间,葡萄糖投加量为0.1 g/L时,降解效果达到最佳;除此以外活性污泥对硫化物承受浓度可达到120 mg/L。     

含油污水处理用旋流气浮一体化设备的CFD数值模拟

借助商业计算流体动力学(CFD)软件Fluent,对国内自主研发的含油污水处理用BIPTCFU-1型旋流气浮一体化设备进行内部流场的数值模拟研究,讨论了射流器挡板和缓流板等主要结构参数对设备分离性能的影响,并对污水处理量和回流比等运行参数对设备除油率的影响进行了评估。为下一步通过CFD数值模拟手段进行优化设计,进而成功研发含油污水旋流气浮一体化处理设备奠定了较为坚实的基础。