Optimal Pollution Trading Without Pollution Reductions: A Note1

García, Jorge H., Matthew T. Heberling, and Hale W. Thurston, 2011. Optimal Pollution Trading Without Pollution Reductions: A Note. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):52‐58. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00476.x Abstract: Various kinds of water pollution occur in pulses (e.g., agricultural and urban runoff). Ecosystems, such as wetlands, can serve to regulate these pulses and smooth pollution distributions over time. This smoothing reduces total environmental damages when “instantaneous” damages are marginally increasing. This paper introduces a water quality trading model between a farm (a pulse‐pollution source) and a firm (a more steady pollution source) where the object of exchange is the “temporary” retention of runoff as opposed to total runoff reductions. The optimal trading ratio requires firm emissions to be offset by more than a proportional retention of the initial agricultural runoff pulse. The reason is twofold: (1) emissions are steady or constant over time and, in this sense, have relatively larger environmental impact; and (2) certain kinds of runoff management cause delayed environmental damages.     

MODEL STUDIES OF SALT WATER INTRUSION1

Model studies were and are still being used to verify certain theories in ground-water flow systems in general. In complex cases, the model studies may be extremely useful especially when a theoretical rigorous analysis does not exist. The models cannot be considered entirely satisfactory due to the several drawbacks in each type in addition to the normal human errors in experimentation. This paper is concerned only with the viscous flow models. However, a brief summary of the other types of models, which may possibly be used in connection with salt water intrusion problems is given. It should be noted that some of such experiments are not directly related to the field of salt water intrusion. Two main types lie within this category: The gravity flow systems which are analogous to some phases of salt intrusion problems and problems in oil fields which bear general similarities to sea water intrusion zones. In oil fields, gas cycling studies give valuable information to sea water problems. Model studies are used by hydraulic engineers, geologists, petroleum engineers, physicists, foundation engineers and several other professional groups.     

金属粉尘湿法处理系统的设计和除尘效果分析

为改善金属抛光操作人员的工作环境、降低抛光金属粉尘的爆炸风险,设计一种金属粉尘湿法处理系统,并通过建立多相流动数值模型,探究其内部流场特征与金属粉尘运动规律,分析金属粉尘湿法处理系统的除尘效率。研究结果表明:大粒径的金属粉尘直接重力沉降至水槽中;小粒径(PM10)的金属粉尘易随气流进入风道,进而通过水雾脱除;采用洁净进气源,可以有效降低工人操作环境的粉尘浓度;增加细水雾,可以有效提高金属粉尘湿法处理系统的除尘效率,对PM10的除尘效率从30%提升至82%。     

倾斜XPS板材向外多向耦合蔓延燃烧特性研究

为探究热塑性板材被点火源引燃后向四周火蔓延的行为特征,针对不同倾角的方形挤塑聚苯乙烯(XPS)泡沫板材,开展中心引燃后火焰向不同方向蔓延燃烧的试验,分析火蔓延状态、火蔓延速度和内部温度场随倾斜角度的变化关系。结果表明:XPS材料在受热时产生的收缩行为导致上方预热区接收热量变化,使得倾斜角度大的板材向上火蔓延更困难;当发生向上火蔓延时,蔓延速度随倾角的增大而增大,且速度远大于横向和向下火蔓延速度;向下火蔓延速度随倾斜角度的增大呈先降低后增大的趋势,横向火蔓延受板材倾角影响较小;当材料受热时温升剧烈,则易形成材料向该点处火蔓延,反之,材料受热出现显著收缩而温升较慢,则易熄灭。     

基于相似理论的掘进巷道流场结构分析

为探究掘进巷道内的粉尘运移规律,依据相似理论,自主搭建掘进巷道相似试验平台,开展风速分布试验,并通过软件fluent模拟研究掘进巷道风流场的分区特征和回流区变化特征。结果表明:风流场特征表现为掘进工作面附近风速波动明显,后方风速分布均匀;数值模拟分析进一步得出,回流区占巷道横截面的比例随着横截面与工作面距离的增加而增大,且存在3个增长停滞段,它们分别与工作面附近的2处涡流和巷道后方区域相对应;大断面巷道与相似模型的平均风速满足相似比,且试验数据与模拟结果基本吻合,验证了模拟的有效性。     

基于风险场的高速公路高风险区域甄别方法

为有效识别高速公路高风险区域,首先,在理论阐述和量化解释行车风险演化机制基础上引入势场理论,提出道路静态风险场的基本概念及性质;然后,在分析道路要素对行车安全影响的基础上,构建路域范围内的构造物、线形、路侧等要素的静态风险场计算模型,提出高速公路高风险区域甄别方法,同时,基于交通事故统计数据,对静态风险场计算模型的风险量进行参数标定;最后,依托实际项目,进行区域风险等级预测和有效性验证。结果表明:研究路段的33处区域中26处甄别结果与实际风险等级相同,仅有7处结果不一致,风险等级结果相差一个等级内的区域数量为30处; 风险等级预测结果准确率达78.79%,与实际风险等级结果相差一个等级内的准确率达90.91%。静态风险场能够有效应用于高风险区域甄别,研究有助于设计及运营阶段高速公路安全治理。     

外置式排风罩条缝口开口面积与气流均匀性研究

在外置式风罩罩口上设置条缝是用来提高和保证罩口气流均匀性的方法之一。在以往研究的基础上,对设置多大面积的条缝最有利于形成均匀的吸气气流进行了实验研究。实验通过改变条缝开口面积和总吸风量,测试该条件下风罩各条缝处风速,对比每组实验风速的均匀程度,从而反推使罩口实现均匀气流的条缝开口面积和风量条件。实验结果表明,条缝开口面积总和等于1倍罩内吸风口面积能够使风罩形成较好的均匀气流,从能量消耗的角度看也较为节能。风量的变化对这一结论并无影响。     

Dynamic pressure induced by a methane–air explosion in a coal mine

The hazardous effect of dynamic pressure and strong gas flows induced by a methane–air mixture explosion in underground coal mines is studied. The dynamic pressure effect of a methane–air explosion was analyzed by numerical simulation, in a duct and tunnel. Compared to the overpressure generated by an explosion that can act on a body, the dynamic pressure caused by the high-speed flow of the gaseous combustion products can cause serious damage as well. At the structural opening of a coal mine, the destruction caused by the dynamic pressure induced by a methane–air explosion is more serious than the overpressure. For a tube or tunnel partially filled by a methane–air mixture, the dynamic pressure is lower than the overpressure in the region occupied by the flammable mixture. Beyond the premixed region, the dynamic pressure is of the same order of magnitude as the overpressure.     

表面缺陷开放漏磁场空间分布特性研究

为了检测构件表面缺陷,根据永久磁铁在构件表面产生的开放磁场现象,采用有限元方法,建立表面缺陷开放磁场磁化模型,得到缺陷漏磁场空间分布特性。通过改变缺陷深度、宽度以及气隙高度,研究表面缺陷参数对开放磁场的影响,分析磁通量密度分量以及幅值等参数变化规律。在实验室条件下进行人工模拟表面缺陷的检测试验。结果表明,试件缺陷位置处磁通量密度较大,磁通量密度随缺陷深度、宽度的增加而增大,且气隙高度越大,磁通量密度越小。有限元研究分析结果与试验结果一致。