Accurate sampling of PCDD/F in high temperature flue-gas using cooled sampling probes

In a laboratory-scale combustion reactor, flue-gas samples were collected at two temperatures in the post-combustion zone, 700 °C and 400 °C, using two different water-cooled sampling probes. The probes were the cooled probe described in the European Standard method EN-1948:1, referred to as the original probe, and a modified probe that contained a salt/ice mixture to assist the cooling, referred to as the sub-zero probe. To determine the efficiency of the cooling probes, internal temperature measurements were recorded at 5 cm intervals inside the probes. Flue-gas samples were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Samples collected at 700 °C using the original cooling probe showed higher concentrations of PCDD/Fs compared to samples collected using the sub-zero probe. No significant differences were observed between samples collected at 400 °C. The results indicated that artifact formation of PCDD/Fs readily occurs during flue-gas sampling at high temperatures if the cooling within the probe is insufficient, as found for the original probe at 700 °C. It was also shown that this problem could be alleviated by using probes with an enhanced cooling capacity, such as the sub-zero probe.Although this may not affect samples collected for regulatory purposes in exit gases, it is of great importance for research conducted in the high-temperature region of the post-combustion zone.     

实时荧光定量PCR对A2/O短程硝化系统内氨氧化菌的定量分析

通过控制好氧区低DO浓度以及缩短好氧实际水力停留时间(actual hydraulic retention time,AHRT),在处理低C/N比实际生活污水的A2/O工艺中,成功启动并维持了短程硝化反硝化;系统亚硝酸盐积累率稳定维持在90%左右,氨氮去除率在95%以上。通过提取富集氨氧化菌(ammonia oxidizing bacteria,AOB)的基因组DNA,经两次常规PCR扩增和琼脂糖凝胶电泳,以纯化回收的DNA扩增片段作为实时荧光定量PCR检测AOB数量的DNA标准品,建立了检测AOB数量的实时荧光定量PCR标准曲线。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术比较了A2/O系统在不同运行条件及亚硝酸盐积累率情况下AOB菌群数量。结果表明,随着系统亚硝酸盐积累率的上升,系统内AOB菌群数量也大幅上升。全程硝化和短程硝化时,系统内的AOB菌群数量分别为5.28×109cells/g MLVSS和3.95×1010cells/g MLVSS。此外,亚硝酸盐积累率的下降相对于AOB菌群数量的下降有一定的滞后性。     

A method for the determination of rhodamine b and brilliant sulfaflavine on cotton string collectors and in a spray tank solution mixture

Abstract

A fluorescent method for the determination of rhodamine B (RhB) and brilliant sulfaflavine (BSF) dual tracers on cotton string collectors and in spray tank solutions was developed for the evaluation of the effects of adjuvants on the atmospheric drift of agricultural sprays. Both tracers on collectors were extracted with deionized water simultaneously and measured directly with a Fluorescent Specrometer by switching the maximum excitation and emission wavelengths. The linear ranges of the RhB and BSF standard curves were 0–50 and 0–10 ppb respectively. Recoveries of tracers on cotton strings ranged from 92.9% ± 1.1% to 95.1% ± 1.0% for RhB and 91.9% ± 2.8% to 103% ± 0.6% for BSF when spiked levels ranged from 0.25 to 2.5 μg per collector. The detection limit of the instrument was approximately 0.1 ppb for both tracers. The detection limits of the analytical method were approximately 0.1 ppb for RhB and 0.3 ppb for BSF when the background levels of cotton strings were subtracted. The presence of one tracer in the solution did not significantly interfere with the detection of the other tracer in the same solution. The presence of adjuvants added to the spray tank solutions did not interfere with the detection of both tracers when the adjuvants were applied at the manufacturer's maximum recommendation rates.     

带防腐层在役压力容器表面磁粉探伤灵敏度的试验研究

采用人工裂纹试样的方法 ,模拟压力容器涂刷油漆防腐层的状况进行磁粉探伤 ,得出了油漆防腐层厚度与裂纹检出灵敏度的定量关系 ;结合CVDA《压力容器缺陷评定》规范 ,探讨了试验方法对一般在役压力容器带有油漆的情况下 ,进行磁粉探伤检验的可行性。研究表明 :采用交流磁化法进行探伤 ,当漆层厚度大约小于2 5 0 μm时 ,灵敏度影响较小 ,同时亦表明不宜使用直流磁化方法。该结论对承受低应力工况条件下的压力容器安全质量检验和评估 ,具有重要参考价值     

近红外长余辉纳米颗粒经小鼠眼部暴露后体内分布和代谢情况

为了研究纳米颗粒通过眼部暴露后进入体内的路径及在体内的分布和代谢情况,实验采用近红外长余辉纳米探针作为示踪剂,对小鼠进行眼部暴露,随后利用活体成像技术观察其进入小鼠体内的过程及分布情况,于暴露第4天收集代谢产物,第7天取重要脏器和血液,并检测纳米探针的存在情况.结果显示纳米探针可由眼经口腔进入胃肠道中,并且纳米颗粒暴露4天后在小鼠的粪便中检测到强荧光信号,而尿液中的荧光信号较弱,暴露7 d后在小鼠的眼睑结膜、胃及眼球中检测到强荧光信号,而其余器官的荧光信号较弱.这表明通过眼部暴露后,纳米颗粒主要分布在眼和消化系统中,最后大部分经消化系统代谢.     

偶极子探头的低频特性分析

宽带电磁探头是电磁兼容测量中的一个重要器件。对宽带探头进行分析需要求解矩阵方程。对于目前所用的计算电磁学全波方法,当在低频计算的时候,会遇到阻抗矩阵奇异性的问题。针对低频阻抗矩阵奇异性问题,采用奇异值分解的方法求解矩量法方程。对比广义本征值方法,计算仿真分析表明,奇异值分解方法与广义本征值方法一样,可以有效地解决低频奇异性的问题。     

基于吸附质-分子探针的新型交联壳聚糖的吸附特性

研究了CCTS对低浓度游离酸的吸附特性,基于吸附质-分子探针电位法,考察了吸附剂活性中心数目、游离酸种类和温度对吸附行为的影响。结果表明,在30℃时,CCTS吸附游离酸的过程,遵循单分子层机理进行吸附。吸附剂―吸附质相互作用能U制约表观吸附速率常数K,K、U大小分别为2.519×10-2,4.084×10-2,9.398×10-2L/min和7.264,7.420,7.926 kJ/mol,两者存在线性相关性,呈逐渐增大趋势。K、U大小随着活性中心数目G的增加而增大。CCTS吸附游离酸为吸热过程,吸附表观活化能Ea为33.98 kJ/mol。3种类型游离酸K、U的大小顺序为:HClO4>HNO3>H2SO4,吸附分维数Dw分别为1.384、1.567、1.911,Dw值越大,导致表观吸附速率常数降低。     

一种新型"Turn-on"荧光探针用于硫化氢可视化检测

硫化氢(H2S)是表征水体污染的重要参数之一,对其进行快速、有效地检测十分重要.荧光检测法由于具有不可比拟的优势得到了广泛的关注.以2-(2'-羟基苯基)苯并咪唑为荧光团,基于H2S的亲核性,设计合成了一种新型检测H2S的荧光探针.该探针与H2S作用后,荧光强度随H2S浓度的增加逐渐增强,颜色由淡黄色变成紫色,因此能够进行可视化检测,可视化检测限为3μmol·L-1.探针的最佳激发/发射波长为320/460 nm,对H2S表现出了良好的选择性和很快的响应速度(5 min),在较宽的p H(6~9)范围内,仍然表现出较好的荧光性能,荧光检测限为6μmol·L-1.该探针为H2S的检测提供了新方法.     

基于平面波导型荧光免疫传感器的双酚A检测适用性研究

双酚A是一种环境内分泌干扰物,逐渐受到国内外广泛关注.平面波导型荧光免疫传感器可以对水样中存在的痕量双酚A进行快速高灵敏度检测.在最优检测条件下测得双酚A标准曲线的检出限为(0.04±0.007)μg·L-1,线性区间为0.16~22.40μg·L-1,半抑制浓度为(1.67±0.47)μg·L-1.加入0.5%的EDTA到样品溶液中可以削弱水体硬度的干扰,并在最优条件下测得4种实际水样的加标回收率在88%~111%之间,相对标准偏差小于15%,表明该方法可以运用于实际水样中双酚A的检测.