氮素调控对冻融过程中土壤N2O排放的影响

应用室内冰柜模拟冻融过程,研究了不同氮素形态(铵态氮、硝态氮和酰胺态氮)和浓度(40、200和800 mg/L)对潮土N2O排放通量的影响.结果表明,随土壤冻结时间的延长N2O排放通量缓慢降低,土壤融化初期出现一个土壤N2O排放通量高峰,而后随土壤逐渐融化的进行N2O排放通量缓慢升高.3种氮素浓度条件下,铵态氮、硝态氮和酰胺态氮冻融过程中土壤平均N2O排放通量分别为119.01、205.28、693.95μg.(m2.h)-1,611.61、1 084.40、1 820.02μg.(m2.h)-1和148.22、106.13、49.74μg.(m2.h)-1,而对照处理仅为100.35μg.(m2.h)-1.随氮素浓度的增加,铵态氮、硝态氮源土壤N2O累积排放通量分别比对照增加17.49%、40.09%、425.67%和563.38%、915.28%、1458.6%,且施加的浓度越高累积排放量越大,但达到稳定N2O排放通量的时间向后推移.随浓度增加酰胺态氮处理土壤N2O排放通量随浓度增加而降低.建议潮土越冬水中铵态氮和硝态氮浓度应分别小于200 mg/L和40 mg/L,酰胺态氮的浓度不限,从而减少土壤N2O的排放.     

In situ measurement of isoprene in the marine air and surface seawater from the western North Pacific

Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) was measured on board of R/V Mirai for eight air samples and 14 seawater samples collected in the western North Pacific during ACE-Asia campaign (from 18 to 26 May 2001). The measurements were conducted in situ using a cryo-focus/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Cryo/GC/MS). Concentrations of isoprene ranged from 7.2 to 110 parts-per-trillion (pptv) in the marine air, and ranged from below 12 to 94 pmol l⁻¹ in the seawater. Based on these results, sea-to-air fluxes of isoprene were calculated to be 184 and 300 nmol m⁻² day⁻¹ for two samples, and the upper limits of the fluxes were also calculated to be from 32 to 300 nmol m⁻² day⁻¹. Atmospheric isoprene concentrations cannot be explained only by the flux from the seawater. Thus, the concentrations of isoprene in the marine air in western North Pacific should be significantly affected by terrestrial vegetational emission and subsequent long-range atmospheric transport of isoprene.     

Fabrication and performance of PET mesh enhanced cellulose acetate membranes for forward osmosis

Polyethylene terephthalate mesh(PET) enhanced cellulose acetate membranes were fabricated via a phase inversion process. The membrane fabrication parameters that may affect the membrane performance were systematically evaluated including the concentration and temperature of the casting polymer solution and the temperature and time of the evaporation, coagulation and annealing processes. The water permeability and reverse salt flux were measured in forward osmosis(FO) mode for determination of the optimal membrane fabrication conditions. The optimal FO membrane shows a typical asymmetric sandwich structure with a mean thickness of about 148.2 μm. The performance of the optimal FO membrane was tested using 0.2 mol/L Na Cl as the feed solution and 1.5 mol/L glucose as the draw solution. The membrane displayed a water flux of 3.47 L/(m2·hr) and salt rejection of95.48% in FO mode. While in pressure retarded osmosis(PRO) mode, the water flux was4.74 L/(m2·hr) and salt rejection 96.03%. The high ratio of water flux in FO mode to that in PRO mode indicates that the fabricated membrane has a lower degree of internal concentration polarization than comparable membranes.     

Fatty acid fouling of forward osmosis membrane: Effects of pH, calcium, membrane orientation, initial permeate flux and foulant composition

Octanoic acid (OA) was selected to represent fatty acids in effluent organic matter (EOM). The effects of feed solution (FS) properties, membrane orientation and initial permeate flux on OA fouling in forward osmosis (FO) were investigated. The undissociated OA formed a cake layer quickly and caused the water flux to decline significantly in the initial 0.5 hr at unadjusted pH 3.56; while the fully dissociated OA behaved as an anionic surfactant and promoted the water permeation at an elevated pH of 9.00. Moreover, except at the initial stage, the sudden decline of water flux (meaning the occurrence of severe membrane fouling) occurred in two conditions: 1. 0.5 mmol/L Ca^2 +, active layer facing draw solution (AL-DS) and 1.5 mol/L NaCl (DS); 2. No Ca^2 +, active layer-facing FS (AL-FS) and 4 mol/L NaCl (DS). This demonstrated that cake layer compaction or pore blocking occurred only when enough foulants were absorbed into the membrane surface, and the water permeation was high enough to compact the deposit inside the porous substrate. Furthermore, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was selected as a co-foulant. The water flux of both co-foulants was between the fluxes obtained separately for the two foulants at pH 3.56, and larger than the two values at pH 9.00. This manifested that, at pH 3.56, BSA alleviated the effect of the cake layer caused by OA, and OA enhanced BSA fouling simultaneously; while at pH 9.00, the mutual effects of OA and BSA eased the membrane fouling.     

珠江口三维水质与底泥耦合模型的验证及应用

基于一维河网与三维河口耦合水动力模型,建立了可描述珠江口水体-底泥中营养盐动态变化的三维水质-底泥模型,利用1999年和2006年夏季观测数据对模型进行了验证,在此基础上,模拟分析了珠江口主要水质因子和底泥营养盐通量的分布特征,以及底泥通量对珠江口营养盐输入的贡献.验证结果表明,模型能较好地反映出水体和底泥中的营养盐及溶解氧浓度的时空分布特征,各水质因子的模拟值与观测值的相对误差均小于38%;另外,底泥营养盐通量的模拟值与文献报道的实测结果较为接近,表明模型能合理地刻画出底泥主要生化过程及通量变化特征.模拟结果显示,夏季珠江口氨氮(NH_4~+-N)和活性磷酸盐(PO_4~(3-)-P)通量主要从底泥向水体输送,底泥是水体氮磷元素的源,而硝态氮和亚硝态氮(NO_3~-+NO_2~-,NO23)的通量输送方向则与之相反,底泥呈现“汇”的效应;底泥营养盐通量主要从河口向外海递减,伶仃洋NH_4~+-N、NO23、PO_4~(3-)-P的通量变化范围分别为0.24~8.88、-10.06~-0.14、-0.37~0.41 mmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1),珠江口近海的通量变化范围分别为-0.01~4.14、-1.45~0.68、-0.12~0.09 mmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1).整体而言,底泥营养盐通量对珠江口营养盐输入有明显贡献,夏季经底泥释放进入水体的NH_4~+-N和PO_4~(3-)-P最大相当于陆源总氮、总磷输入量的12%和22%.     

El Niño影响下春季南海北部表层水体CO2分压变化

采用走航连续观测系统分别在2011年5月和2015年5月对南海北部表层水体温度、盐度、溶解氧、叶绿素a和pCO_2进行了现场观测.在El Nio影响下,2015年5月华南地区及广东省降雨量偏多,大量冲淡水入海,南海北部冲淡水区域海表盐度显著降低,2015年5月冲淡水区域海表盐度平均值为(28.05±6.18),低于2011年5月的海表盐度平均值(29.65±2.58),同时实测冲淡水区域海表温度平均升高约2.10℃.冲淡水携带的营养物质和适度升高的海表温度共同促进了冲淡水区域浮游植物的繁殖.浮游植物光合作用不断地将海水中的游离CO2转化为有机碳,同时释放出氧气,使得水体pCO_2降低,2015年5月冲淡水区域pCO_2平均值为(286±95)μatm,低于2011年5月的pCO_2平均值(300±42)μatm.2015年5月实测获得离岸海域pCO_2平均值为(421±9)μatm,高于2011年5月pCO_2平均值(386±13)μatm,二者差值为35μatm,海表温度是离岸海域pCO_2的主要影响因子,2015年5月El Nio期间离岸海域SST升高1.96℃.El Nio影响下冲淡水区域的碳汇作用增加,离岸海域的碳源作用增强,冲淡水区域碳汇增加与离岸海域碳源增强基本抵消,2015年5月南海北部整体仍是CO_2弱汇区,约为-0.40 mmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1),与2011年5月通量值-0.58 mmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1)差别不明显.     

典型聚合物材料平行双板水平火蔓延规律研究

为了研究固体可燃物多火焰火蔓延规律及传热控制机理,开展了竖向水平排列的PMMA单一平板和平行双板火蔓延规律研究。基于水平火蔓延实验台,考虑平板尺寸、平行双板的竖直间距两个主要因素,分析此类条件下的火蔓延速度、火焰高度和火焰宽度等参数。实验研究发现,PMMA板水平火蔓延过程中,热解前锋呈V型,预热区长度随平板间距的增大先增大后减小。平行双板工况下,在研究考虑的间距范围内火焰始终保持合并,火蔓延速度、火焰高度及宽度明显大于单一平板,且均随间距的增加先增大后减小,三者峰值出现的位置与样件尺寸有关。上层PMMA板上下表面的辐射热流随间距的变化规律与火蔓延速度变化规律一致,因此推断辐射作用在平行双板水平火蔓延中起到主导作用。     

Transpiration rates of urban trees, Aesculus chinensis

Transpiration patterns of Aesculus chinensis in relation to explanatory variables in the microclimatic, air quality, and biological phenomena categories were measured in Beijing, China using the thermal dissipation method. The highest transpiration rate measured as the sap flux density of the trees took place from 10:00 am to 13:00 pm in the summer and the lowest was found during nighttime in the winter. To sort out co-linearity, principal component analysis and variation and hierarchical partitioning methods were employed in data analyses. The evaporative demand index (EDI) consisting of air temperature, soil temperature, total radiation, vapor pressure deficit, and atmospheric ozone (O₃), explained 68% and 80% of the hourly and daily variations of the tree transpiration, respectively. The independent and joint effects of EDI variables together with a three-variable joint effect exerted the greatest influences on the variance of transpiration rates. The independent effects of leaf area index and atmospheric O₃ and their combined effect exhibited minor yet significant influences on tree transpiration rates.     

模拟珠江河网的污染物通量及外源输入对入河口通量的贡献

基于一维河网与三维河口耦合水质模型,模拟计算了2000年珠江上游输入河网以及河网输入河口的碳质生化需氧量(CBOD)、氨氮(NH4)、硝态氮与亚硝态氮(NO3)和无机磷(IP)等污染物通量,并结合数值实验,量化了外源输入(包括入河网污染物通量与河网污染负荷)对入河口污染物通量对河网区的贡献.研究结果表明,河网区的污染物通量由入河网通量与河网污染负荷共同控制,通量分配具有显著的空间差异;上游各水系中,以西江的通量最大,约占入河网通量的71%～81%;8个入海口门中,以虎门、磨刀门的通量最大,两者共承接超过一半的入河口通量.此外,数值实验表明,入河网通量与河网污染负荷对CBOD、氨氮的入河口通量均有显著贡献,而硝态氮与亚硝态氮、IP的入河口通量则主要来自入河网通量;磨刀门、虎门分别是入河网通量、河网污染负荷最主要的输出口门.基于模型,亦针对入河口CBOD、氨氮通量对河网污染负荷的响应关系进行了探讨.     

长白山温带森林单萜烯排放模拟

于2010年夏季,采用松弛涡度积累(Relaxed Eddy Accumulation)技术在长白山温带森林铁塔上测量了挥发性有机物(VOC)冠层尺度的排放通量,同步测量了气象参数、光合有效辐射(PAR)等,初步获得长白山阔叶林单萜烯的排放通量.同时,利用PAR能量守恒原理,建立了冠层尺度上单萜烯排放的经验模式.结果发现,模拟结果与测量结果比较一致,平均而言,模拟值高出测量值约20%～40%.采用不同方法对经验模式进行了检验,结果表明,采用比较各个采样时段平均值的方法可行,而且经验模式对于2010年夏季不同采样时段的平均值也给出了较好的模拟结果,其模拟值高出测量值约20%～24%.