Concentration field and turbulent fluxes during the mixing of two buoyant plumes

In this work an experimental study of mixing of two identical plumes, carried out in a turbulent neutral boundary layer generated in a wind tunnel, is presented. Measurements have been performed with fast flame ionisation detectors (FFIDs) and a two-component Laser-Doppler Anemometer system. Results allow the study of both the average and the fluctuating concentration field, including the turbulent vertical and longitudinal mass fluxes, in single plumes and during the interaction of two identical plumes. This information gives insight into the details of the mixing phase of the two plumes. Results of trajectories and additional rise (due to plume interactions) have been compared with previous measurements carried out in laminar cross-flows, showing similar behaviour. Concentration distributions in plume cross-sections in turbulent cross-flows differ from those measured in laminar cross-flows. Average vertical and longitudinal velocity measurements into the plume core show the strength of the shielding effect of the upwind plume and some details of interaction between the counter-rotating vortex pairs (CVPs). For large values of the alignment angle φ, between the line joining the stacks and the cross-flow, an average negative vertical velocity is measured in the middle of the plume even if its centre of mass is rising. This downward velocity is induced by the slow interaction of the CVPs and generates a vertical stretching of the plume and negative rise enhancement. Vertical turbulent fluxes change sign on the plume centreline and are of opposite sign with respect to the longitudinal turbulent fluxes. Results indicate a good linearity between vertical turbulent fluxes and concentration gradients, with different proportionality for the top and bottom parts of the plume (especially in the near field) indicating that dispersion could be described by a gradient-transfer model.     

Heavy Metal Sediment Load from the City of Stockholm

A transect of upstream lake sitesand downstream coastal sites surrounding the cityof Stockholm, capital of Sweden, wereinvestigated for heavy metals in sediments.Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn increasedclose to the city. In the most central areas ofStockholm, sediment deposition was increasedabout 5-fold for Cd, Cu, Hg and Pb and 3-fold forZn, as compared to the surrounding areas. Thesediment load from the city was estimated bycorrecting for a background concentration. It canbe concluded that most of the load of Hg and Pbwas trapped in the sediments close to the citywhile Ni, Cu, Cd and Zn to a higher degree weretransported through the archipelago towards theBaltic Sea.     

Terrigenous Inputs and Accumulation of Trace Metals in the Southeastern Taiwan Strait

Abstract

Terrigenous inputs and sedimentary fluxes of trace metals were studied to understand the metal sources, transport and sinks in the southeastern Taiwan Strait. the major terrigenous metals come from seven major rivers in the southwestern Taiwan, even though significant fractions of most metals were retained in estuaries. the net fluxes of river borne metals contributed from 65% (Pb) to 92% (Fe, Zn) of total inputs. the remainder was attributed to marine sewage discharges (0.6–6.9%) and atmospheric inputs (5.3–31.5%). Sedimentary fluxes of trace metals were spatially variable as a result of derivation from site-specific sedimentation rates and metal distributions in sediments. in spite of imbalance between sources and sinks of trace metals, an accumulation of metals in the sediment of southeastern Taiwan Strait was found for sites close to Taiwan Island. Surface enrichment of metals in near-shore sediments beginning around 1976 was coincident with a time of industrial boom in Taiwan. the metal enrichment hierarchy was found as (Cd, Pb < Cu < Zn < Mn, Fe).     

2000~2018年我国大气重金属沉降通量时空变化特征

大气沉降物中的重金属对土壤环境的影响不容忽视.为研究我国大气重金属（As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn）沉降通量现状及时空变化特征,基于中国知网和Web of Science数据库收集了2001~2021年公开发表的大气重金属沉降通量文献99篇,各重金属元素监测点718~1672个.采用Meta-analysis方法计算中国大气重金属沉降通量加权均值,运用亚组分析法研究了2000~2018年不同时期大气沉降通量时空变化,对比分析了农业农村区、城市区和工业区等不同类型区的组间差异.结果表明,我国大气重金属年沉降通量［mg·（m²·a）^-1］为：Zn （96.75）>Pb （23.37）>Cu （12.77）>Cr （11.04）>Ni （6.61）>As （2.97）>Cd （0.48）>Hg （0.05）,2000~2018年沉降通量总体估计值高于1995~1998年英国乡村地区;工业区和城市区的沉降通量显著高于农业农村区,工业区大气重金属污染较为严重;长株潭地区As和Cd的沉降通量较高,东北地区、珠三角和华北平原大气重金属沉降通量较其它区域严重;近20年来Cd的年沉降通量均值在总体均值附近波动,无明显下降趋势;其中,城市区和农业农村区的Cd沉降通量呈增加趋势.本文建议结合区域产业结构特征建立分级分类分区的大气排放精准治理和风险管控措施,针对当前大气Cd沉降通量较大的问题实行更加严格的限制性措施.     

长江口潮间带湿地涨退潮期N2O的排放通量研究

随着河口区接收上游人为氮排放量的增加,为这一区域氧化亚氮（N2O）的排放增加了很大不确定性。选择长江河口潮间带湿地为研究对象,分别采用原位静态箱法和静态顶空法,从2011年1月至12月对长江口沉积物 大气界面以及涨潮水 大气界面的N2O排放通量进行了为期一年的现场观测和研究。研究结果表明,沉积物 大气界面N2O通量有着显著的时空差异。N2O排放通量在日变化以及季节变化上都表现出明显的源汇转变,就年平均排放通量,光滩带沉积物 大气界面达到了599 μgN2O/(m2〖DK〗·h),而海三棱藨草盐沼带与大气间N2O交换则十分微弱,为060 μgN2O/(m2〖DK〗·h)。对长江口涨退潮期光滩和草滩上覆水体 大气界面N2O排放通量的研究表明,长江口涨退潮期在夏季和秋季,无论是光滩还是草滩均表现为大气N2O的稳定排放源,其中夏季平均253 μgN2O/(m2〖DK〗·h),秋季平均排放通量为207 μgN2O/(m2〖DK〗·h)。作为河口区上游排放氮素的直接接收者,和沉积物 大气界面N2O排放相比,长江口涨潮水 大气界面N2O排放稳定而又显著,是长江口N2O排放的主要贡献者,应成为这一区域N2O排放的关注热点     

川东北地区元素大气沉降通量及其季节变化

从2011年8月~2012年7月在川东北地区共收集12个月的大气沉降样品.采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)分析了样品在弱酸性环境下(pH值在2左右)溶解态组分中Na、Mg、Ca、K、Si、Sr、Ba、Zn等元素的含量,计算了这些元素的沉降通量.结果表明:①各元素的沉降通量存在显著的季节变化.Na的沉降通量随着降水增加而显著增加,显示它主要以大气湿沉降为主;Ca、Si、Ba、Sr、Mg的沉降通量在冬季或春季显著上升,显示这些元素的沉降可能主要与大气粉尘活动有关.②不同的元素之间年沉降通量存在显著差异,Na的沉降通量最大,达到30 497μg·(102cm2·a)-1,比最小的Ba沉降通量[27.4μg·(102cm2·a)-1]高出3个数量级.     

湖泊水-沉积物界面DIC和DOC交换通量及耦合关系

以乌梁素海和岱海为研究对象,采用柱状芯样模拟法,开展了2个湖泊水-沉积物界DIC和DOC交换通量及耦合关系研究.结果表明,在夏季90 d的时间内,乌梁素海明水区沉积物表现为上覆水中DIC和DOC的碳源,DIC和DOC的平均释放速率分别为71.07 mmol·(m2·d)-1和185.09 mmol·(m2·d)-1;岱海浅、深水区沉积物整体上表现为上覆水中DIC和DOC的碳汇,浅水区DIC和DOC的平均释放速率分别为155.75 mmol·(m2·d)-1和-1 478.08 mmol·(m2·d)-1,深水区DIC和DOC的平均释放速率分别为-486.53 mmol·(m2·d)-1和-1 274.02 mmol·(m2·d)-1;岱海浅水区和乌梁素海水-沉积物界面DIC与DOC耦合作用(含量、释放速率、总量变化量的同步变化)主要受微生物摄取、微生物或非生物降解及水生植物的影响;岱海深水区水-沉积物界面DIC与DOC耦合作用则主要与Ca CO3共沉淀作用及沉积物中无机碳形态分布特征等有关.总体上,不同类型湖泊或同一湖泊不同湖区的DIC或DOC源/汇功能差异是湖泊类型、离岸距离、湖泊水文地球化学及无机碳形态分布等多种因素综合作用的结果.     

Responses of greenhouse gas fluxes to experimental warming in wheat season under conventional tillage and no-tillage fields

Understanding the effects of warming on greenhouse gas(GHG, such as N_2O, CH_4 and CO_2 )feedbacks to climate change represents the major environmental issue. However, little information is available on how warming effects on GHG fluxes in farmland of North China Plain(NCP). An infrared warming simulation experiment was used to assess the responses of N_2O, CH_4 and CO_2 to warming in wheat season of 2012–2014 from conventional tillage(CT) and no-tillage(NT) systems. The results showed that warming increased cumulative N_2O emission by 7.7% in CT but decreased it by 9.7% in NT fields(p 0.05). Cumulative CH_4 uptake and CO_2 emission were increased by 28.7%–51.7% and 6.3%–15.9% in both two tillage systems,respectively(p 0.05). The stepwise regressions relationship between GHG fluxes and soil temperature and soil moisture indicated that the supply soil moisture due to irrigation and precipitation would enhance the positive warming effects on GHG fluxes in two wheat seasons.However, in 2013, the long-term drought stress due to infrared warming and less precipitation decreased N_2O and CO_2 emission in warmed treatments. In contrast, warming during this time increased CH_4 emission from deep soil depth. Across two years wheat seasons, warming significantly decreased by 30.3% and 63.9% sustained-flux global warming potential(SGWP) of N_2O and CH_4 expressed as CO_2 equivalent in CT and NT fields, respectively. However, increase in soil CO_2 emission indicated that future warming projection might provide positive feedback between soil C release and global warming in NCP.     

京蒙沙源区水库大气氮沉降变化特征及源解析

以京蒙沙源区大河口水库为研究对象,于2017年1月~12月对水库周围布设的12个大气沉降监测站点收集样品144个,测定大气干、湿沉降物中TN浓度,计算大气总氮干、湿沉降通量,分析大气TN干、湿沉降污染特征及季节性变化特征.另选取水库周边不同典型地块,布设14个采样点采集样品76个,测定土壤δ¹⁵N-TN含量水平,解析水库大气氮沉降主要来源,并借助HYSPLIT4气团后向轨迹模型分析各季节不同类型气团输移营养盐对大河口水库的影响.结果表明：水库全年大气TN干沉降通量变化范围为122.44~425.64kg/（km²·month）,平均值为200.83kg/（km²·month）;湿沉降通量变化范围1.23~188.89kg/（km²·month）,平均值为66.33kg/（km²·month）.大气总氮年沉降通量为3205.9kg/（km²·a）,约为全国氮沉降平均水平（790kg/（km²·a））的4.06倍.从沉降类型上来看,大气沉降主要以干沉降为主,占沉降总量的75.17%,湿沉降占总沉降通量的24.83%.大气氮干沉降通量表现为春、秋季节明显高于夏、冬季节,湿沉降通量春、夏季明显高于秋、冬季节的季节性变化规律.通过对典型地块δ¹⁵N-TN同位素数据分析,表明夏季有71.4%的大气沉降样品来源于不可分辨的混合源输入,春、秋、冬季大河口水库超过45%的样品来源于沙地,另一大污染源为研究区周围的耕地.运用HYSPLIT4后向轨迹模型证明,从蒙古国入境的气团对研究区污染物大气输移影响较大,冬季采暖期间的大气污染和春季频繁发生的沙尘暴是造成北方沙区水体春季水环境变差的因素之一.