Effects of selected metal oxides on the dechlorination and destruction of PCDD and PCDF

OCDD and OCDF spiked silica/graphite based model fly ash containing various copper compounds and metal oxides were thermally treated under oxygen deficient conditions. All copper compounds tested showed a considerable dechlorination/hydrogenation reaction at 260 °C. After 30 min at 340 °C, less than 1% of the spiked OCDD and OCDF was recovered as T₄CDD/F to OCDD/F. Other compounds tested demonstrated a lower rate of dechlorination compared to the copper compounds. However, all other metal oxides showed a small dechlorination effect at 260 °C, which was considerably increased at 340 °C.

The model fly ash containing the different copper compounds or metal oxides showed comparable PCDD and PCDF isomer patterns after thermal treatment. However, small differences were observed among the different tested compounds. The PCDD and PCDF isomer patterns on the model fly ashes were similar to patterns found during dechlorination experiments on fly ashes from waste incineration processes.

Model fly ash containing Ca(OH)₂ exhibited the highest destruction potential, but a low dechlorination potential. In contrast, model fly ash containing any of the remaining compounds tested, was found to predominantly dechlorinate the spiked OCDD and OCDF.     

自研制粉煤灰滤料处理高氟饮用水的研究

文章采用无机造孔添加剂,将粉煤灰和粘土在900℃经短时间烧制得到高强大比表面积的滤料。该滤料可用于吸附氟离子,吸附类型属于Freundlich型,是一种中等覆盖度的多层吸附。将该滤料填装于玻璃柱中进行动态过滤模拟试验、过滤高氟饮用水,滤出水pH增加、浊度降低;对进水浓度和温度等影响因素进行研究,结果表明,随着进水氟离子浓度的增加,滤水量减少,滤料的除氟率增加;随着温度的增加,滤水量增加,除氟率也增加。     

粉煤灰深度处理低浓度的磷

为了探讨低浓度磷吸附的方法,比较了粉煤灰、煤质活性炭和粉煤灰碎砖块颗粒这3种价廉易得的吸附材料的除磷效果。经对比确定以粉煤灰为吸附剂,研究了反应时间、粉煤灰投加量以及溶液p H对深度除磷效果的影响。同时为了解粉煤灰高效除磷原理,利用SEM和XRD对其表面形状、所含元素及其内部结构进行了表征。结果表明,粉煤灰比煤质活性碳和粉煤灰砖砖块颗粒的除磷效果更好,去除率高达98.9%;SEM和XRD表征结果显示,由于粉煤灰表面积较大、表面能高、含有Si—O—Si和Si—O—Al—O偶极键及铝、铁和钙的氧化物,使得粉煤灰对低浓度的磷有着高效的去除率;吸附磷后的粉煤灰表面形成了一层絮状物,经EDS分析显示其组成以钙磷沉淀为主;1 g粉煤灰对1 mg/L的磷酸盐溶液在p H=10、反应时间60 min时表现出最佳吸附性能。     

洁净型煤技术及推广应用探讨

洁净型煤的推广使用是有效控制煤烟型污染的一种重要手段，采用在原煤中添加化学药剂，重新加工成型的方法，达到降尘、固硫、节能的目的。通过推广使用，有效的降低二氧化硫、烟尘的产生量和排放量，减少对城市大气环境的污染，达到煤的热量高效、清洁利用。     

城市固体废弃物堆肥工艺条件试验研究

利用城市污水厂污泥、生活垃圾及粉煤灰进行堆肥试验研究 ,通过对 4组配比试验结果分析 ,合适的污泥、垃圾和粉煤灰堆肥配合比为 4∶5∶1,并对试验结果进行了讨论     

CO2对飞灰稳定化效果的影响

用CO2作为化学稳定剂或辅助稳定剂处理三种不同的来自实际垃圾焚烧厂的飞灰，并对处理后的飞样进行浸滤实验来衡量稳定效果。结果表明二氧化碳对飞灰中所含的重金属Pb和Cd具有稳定效果，对飞灰中的Cr有促进溶出的效果。当以磷酸盐和绿矾为稳定剂稳定飞灰中的重金属时，先采用CO2进行预处理基本不影响对Pb和Cd的稳定效果，但对Cr的浸出控制有明显的促进效果。     

燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫除尘一体化系统的无垢运行研究

在燃煤锅炉上采用双碱法脱硫工艺,分析了系统运行过程中可能出现的结垢问题,并进一步讨论了解决问题的方法。实验结果表明,将一定量进水投入浆池后,用石灰再生并补充纯碱后打入出水能有效防止系统内部的结垢,当进水的pH值为6.6￣6.8,浆池中水的pH值为10￣11时,系统无垢运行效果最佳。     

Use of zeolitized coal fly ash in the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate from aqueous solution

Discharge of wastewater containing nitrogen and phosphate can cause eutrophication. Therefore, the development of an efficient material for the immobilization of the nutrients is important. In this study, a low calcium fly ash and high calcium fly ash were converted into zeolite using the hydrothermal method. The removal of ammonium and phosphate that coexist in aqueous solution by the synthesized zeolites were studied. The results showed that zeolitized fly ash could efficiently eliminate ammonium and phosphate at the same time. Saturation of zeolite with Ca²⁺ rather than Na⁺ favored the removal of both ammonium and phosphate because the cation exchange reaction by the NH₄ ⁺ resulted in the release of Ca²⁺ into the solution and precipitation of Ca²⁺ with PO₄ ³⁻ followed. An increase in the temperature elevated the immobilization of phosphate whereas it abated the removal of ammonium. Nearly 60% removal efficiency for ammonium was achieved in the neutral pH range from 5.5 to 10.5, while the increase or decrease in pH out of the neutral range lowered the adsorption. In contrast, the removal of phosphate approached 100% at a pH lower than 5.0 or higher than 9.0, and less phosphate was immobilized at neutral pH. However, there was still a narrow pH range from 9.0 to 10.5 favoring the removal of both ammonium and phosphate. It was concluded that the removal of ammonium was caused by cation exchange; the contribution of NH₃ volatilization to immobilization at alkaline conditions (up to pH level of 11.4) was limited. With respect to phosphate immobilization, the mechanism was mainly the formation of precipitate as Ca₃(PO₄)₂ within the basic pH range or as FePO₄ and AlPO₄ within acidic pH range.     

火力发电厂粉煤灰干燥特性研究

介绍了利用实验台对粉煤灰的干燥特性进行试验研究的情况 ,给出了粉煤灰的干燥曲线、干燥速率曲线和粉煤灰平衡湿含量计算式 ,分析了在干燥过程中粉煤灰的阻力特性 ,为粉煤灰干燥装置的工业化设计提供了理论依据     

常熟垃圾焚烧飞灰安全填埋场工程设计

介绍了常熟垃圾焚烧飞灰安全填埋工程的设计，包括飞灰预处理系统、填埋库结构、防渗和封场设计以及渗沥液处理等。结合工程设计实践，探讨了飞灰安全填埋场的设计技术和设计原则。