煅烧-碱溶法制粉煤灰类沸石吸附剂及其在处理含铅废水中的应用

粉煤灰吸附性能研究是当前环境科学领域中的一个研究热点 ,但原状粉煤灰的吸附效果不理想。本文报道的用煅烧 -碱溶法制得类沸石吸附剂的比表面积为 112 .6m2 / g、孔隙率为 83 .1% ,分别是改性前的 40 .2 2和 1.67倍。用此类沸石吸附剂来处理浓度为 2 0 0mg/L的模拟含铅废水 ,去除率为 84.87% ,吸附容量为 3 3 .94mg/ g ,分别是改性前的3 1.13和 3 1.42倍 ,处理效果优于市售一级活性炭。并用 0 .1mol/L的HCl溶液和饱和NaCl溶液再生此吸附剂 ,解吸率达到了 98%以上 ,此再生的类沸石吸附剂处理含铅废水的去除率也达到了 83 %以上     

Spatiotemporal distribution of caddis fly larvae <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aethaloptera evanescens</Emphasis> MacLachlan, 1880 (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in the Selenga River

Data on the occurrence, abundance, and biomass of caddis fly larvae Aethaloptera evanescens in the Selenga during the ice periods of 1987–2005 are presented. These insect larvae prefer river stretches with a gravel-sand ground, flow rate of 0.3–0.4 m/s, and depth of 2–3 m. Probable factors determining their distribution in the Selenga in recent years are a considerable drop of water level in the river (1995–2005), the improvement of hydrochemical conditions, and the presence of suspended and drifting erosion materials entering the river as a consequence of sand-gravel mixture excavation between 1980 and 1990.     

工业废水综合回用的实验研究

以保定市某渠工业废水为研究对象,调查了污水的主要来源和主要污染物,提出了处理方案:首先采用酸改性粉煤灰进行混凝,活性炭吸附,最后用臭氧进行氧化。同时探讨了酸改性粉煤灰的制备和最佳运行条件,活性炭的最佳运行条件和臭氧的最佳氧化时间,从而探索出一条适合于该渠工业废水的综合回用方法。     

燃煤锅炉可吸入颗粒物排放规律研究

应用基于空气动力学直径分级的低压撞击器(LPI)对4台燃煤锅炉除尘器前后飞灰颗粒进行13级采样,研究了不同除尘器入口和出口PM10的颗粒粒径排放规律及元素分布特性.结果表明,除尘器前后PM10质量粒径均呈双峰分布,其峰值分别在0.1 μm和2.36～3.95 μm附近.无论是文丘里水膜除尘器还是静电除尘器,粒径为0.1～1 μm左右的颗粒的除尘效率最低,最低效率值在50%～65%左右.除尘器对不同粒径颗粒的收集效率差别很大,对粒径为10 μm左右颗粒的收集效率为96%左右,而对亚微米颗粒的收集效率在62%-83%之间.PM10中各级氧化物组成表明较易气化元素,如s和Na等在小粒径颗粒上有明显富集趋势,而不易气化元素Si和Al等在大粒径颗粒上富集;这说明小粒径颗粒可能为气化-凝结机理形成,而比较粗的颗粒可能是通过煤焦和矿物质的破碎以及内部矿物质的聚合形成.     

稻壳灰中温热处理稳固化垃圾飞灰重金属

利用稻壳灰与某垃圾电厂产生的飞灰为原料,对飞灰和稻壳灰与飞灰的混合物进行中温热处理,探究热处理工艺参数对稻壳灰稳固化垃圾飞灰重金属的影响.在一定温度范围内,反应主要产物为CSSF（即Ca₁₀（SiO₄）₃（SO₄）₃F₂）、Ca₃SiO₅等硅酸盐结晶相,这些物质会包覆重金属,同时,飞灰重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd中相对不稳定的酸溶态和可还原态向更稳定的可氧化态或残渣态转变,使Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd的浸出浓度显著降低;热处理时间延长,稻壳灰添加量增加,会使热处理样中硅酸盐种类增多,结晶度提高,导致重金属的浸出浓度逐渐降低;稻壳灰添加量在2%~4%范围内,经中温热处理样品的重金属浸出浓度较低,添加量过高时（超过6%时）,重金属浸出浓度逐渐升高.     

Chlorine removal from MSWI fly ash by thermal treatment: Effects of iron/aluminum additives

The high content of alkali chlorides in municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI) fly ash limit its resource reuse due to the potential environmental risks.In this paper, with superheated steam as the gasifying agent and inducer, chlorides in fly ash were removed by thermal treatment within a moderate temperature range.Thermal treatment experiments were performed under different conditions: temperature(500–800℃), steam addition(mass ratio of steam to fly ash = 0.25–1) and residence time(0.5–3 hr).Iron and aluminum powders were added to fly ash to improve the chlorine removal efficiency.Water-soluble chlorides included Na Cl and KCl, and insoluble chlorides mainly included Ca(OH)Cl.The heating process with the addition of water steam was more efficient than that without steam in terms of the removal performance of water-soluble chlorides.The removal efficiency of soluble chlorides reached 75.25% for a mass ratio of 1:1 after 1-hr thermal treatment at 700℃.When the residence time was increased above 1 hr, the total dechlorination efficiency was not increased dramatically.Moreover, adding iron and aluminum powder into the fly ash improved the removal of water-insoluble chlorides, and the total dechlorination efficiency was increased by 11.41%–16.64%.     

含铝铁硅固废制备PSAF混凝剂RSM优化与结构表征

研究了以粉煤灰和氧化铁皮为原料制备聚硅酸铝铁混凝剂的影响因素及产品微观结构和形貌,选取碱化度、nAl：nFe、聚合温度、反应时间对透光率进行4因素3水平响应面实验.得出制备优化方案：碱化度为0.5,nAl：nFe为1.38,聚合温度为39.2℃,反应时间为1.36h,透光率预测值达90.24%,验证试验均值相对误差1.20%,表明RSM优化模型可靠.结合产品表征测试,XRD分析主要物相为氯化钠,大范围衍射驼峰预示着浸出液聚合形成了新的无定形物;FT-IR测试表明聚硅酸与Al³⁺、Fe³⁺之间存在较多金属-OH等非离子键络合态;TEM测试结果显示产品为高聚集度和枝化度的网状结构;TG分析表明产品在400℃以前失去结合水和羟基,700℃左右产品主要化学键断裂,对应DSC图中均出现较强吸热峰,产品具有较好的稳定性.     

水热法协同处置不同垃圾焚烧炉飞灰及其机理

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰富含重金属且极易浸出对环境造成污染.通过研究流化床飞灰和炉排炉飞灰的理化特性,将流化床飞灰作为硅铝源,将炉排炉飞灰作为碱激发剂,在无添加剂条件下水热合成水钙铝榴石和雪硅钙石,从而将重金属稳定在晶体中.借助SEM图像分析水热合成机理,以雪硅钙石的晶体结构解释其吸附重金属机理.水热反应后液相中几乎不存在重金属,用重金属浸出率对飞灰浸出毒性进行量化评估,水热反应后的飞灰重金属浸出率相比流化床飞灰均有明显的降低,当水热反应添加的流化床飞灰与炉排炉飞灰的质量比为7：3时,水热后的Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn的浸出率最低,浸出率分别为0.073%、0.006%、0.107%、0.006%、0.326%.     

Lung retention and bioavailability of arsenic after single intratracheal administration of sodium arsenite,sodium arsenate,fly ash and copper smelter dust in the hamster

Arsenic is present in airborne particulate material released by coal-fired power plants and non-ferrous metal smelters. We have assessed whether the physico-chemical properties of arsenic in such particles play a role in its lung retention and uptake by the body. Female hamsters were given a single intratracheal instillation of fly ash or copper smelter dust suspensions (at doses of 50 or 100 g As kg^–1) or identical amounts of soluble tri- and pentavalent arsenic, in the presence or absence of an inert dust material (tungsten carbide). The concentration of the element was measured in a 24 hour urine sample collected on the 1st, 2nd and 6th day after treatment and arsenic remaining in lung tissue was determined at the end of the same time periods. Both lung retention and urinary As excretion indicate a prolonged contact of the lung tissue with particulate As in contrast to soluble As salts. In addition to the effect of solubility described here, more research is needed to determine the effect of particle size and lung loading on retention, as well as the potential differences in the lung inflammatory response using arsenic-rich particulates from various sources.     

粉煤灰技术在污水处理中的应用研究及存在问题讨论

对国内外污水处理中应用粉煤灰技术的现状进行了文献综述 ,并从环境保护与市场机制这个视角对粉煤灰在污水处理中的应用及存在问题进行了分析讨论。粉煤灰具有一定的吸附性能以及细微粒径特征 ,在污水处理中可以获得较好效果。但是同时会产生数倍的污泥增量 ,有些污泥甚至是有毒的 ,会产生二次污染。通过对历史事件的回顾认为以粉煤灰为原料制备混凝剂等 ,尽管在技术上可行 ,但是从市场经济角度看是不可取的