生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的加速碳酸化处理

针对垃圾焚烧飞灰中钙及两性重金属含量高的特点,在高液固比(10:1)条件下对焚烧飞灰进行加速碳酸化处理以改善飞灰的理化特性.采用XRD、SEM、压汞分析以及硫酸硝酸毒性浸出方法,对加速碳酸化处理后飞灰的晶相、形貌、孔隙特征及重金属(Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd、Ni、Cr)浸出特性进行了研究.结果表明,加速碳酸化处理后飞灰中的CaClOH峰消失,而CaCO3的峰增加,且强度增加.加速碳酸化处理可以有效降低焚烧飞灰的pH值, Pb、Cu、Zn和Ni的浸出分别减少了99.7%、93.9%、90.6%和27.8%,而Cr的浸出浓度增加了29.7%.     

CO2对飞灰稳定化效果的影响

用CO2作为化学稳定剂或辅助稳定剂处理三种不同的来自实际垃圾焚烧厂的飞灰，并对处理后的飞样进行浸滤实验来衡量稳定效果。结果表明二氧化碳对飞灰中所含的重金属Pb和Cd具有稳定效果，对飞灰中的Cr有促进溶出的效果。当以磷酸盐和绿矾为稳定剂稳定飞灰中的重金属时，先采用CO2进行预处理基本不影响对Pb和Cd的稳定效果，但对Cr的浸出控制有明显的促进效果。     

Spatiotemporal distribution of caddis fly larvae <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aethaloptera evanescens</Emphasis> MacLachlan, 1880 (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in the Selenga River

Data on the occurrence, abundance, and biomass of caddis fly larvae Aethaloptera evanescens in the Selenga during the ice periods of 1987–2005 are presented. These insect larvae prefer river stretches with a gravel-sand ground, flow rate of 0.3–0.4 m/s, and depth of 2–3 m. Probable factors determining their distribution in the Selenga in recent years are a considerable drop of water level in the river (1995–2005), the improvement of hydrochemical conditions, and the presence of suspended and drifting erosion materials entering the river as a consequence of sand-gravel mixture excavation between 1980 and 1990.     

家蝇幼虫的综合开发利用

家蝇幼虫的利用前景十分广阔,本文主要介绍了家蝇幼虫在动物饲料、食用、几丁质、抗菌物质以及凝集素等方面的开发利用     

Management of Lignite Fly Ash for Improving Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity

Lignite fly ash (LFA), being alkaline and endowed with excellent pozzolanic properties, a silt loam texture, and plant nutrients, has the potential to improve soil quality and productivity. Long-term field trials with groundnut, maize, and sun hemp were carried out to study the effect of LFA on growth and yield. Before crop I was sown, LFA was applied at various doses with and without press mud (an organic waste from the sugar industry, used as an amendment and source of nutrients). LFA with and without press mud was also applied before crops III and V were cultivated. Chemical fertilizer, along with gypsum, humic acid, and biofertilizer, was applied in all treatments, including the control. With one-time and repeat applications of LFA (with and without press mud), yield increased significantly (7.0–89.0%) in relation to the control crop. The press mud enhanced the yield (3.0–15.0%) with different LFA applications. The highest yield LFA dose was 200 t/ha for one-time and repeat applications, the maximum yield being with crop III (combination treatment). One-time and repeat application of LFA (alone and in combination with press mud) improved soil quality and the nutrient content of the produce. The highest dose of LFA (200 t/ha) with and without press mud showed the best residual effects (eco-friendly increases in the yield of succeeding crops). Some increase in trace- and heavy-metal contents and in the level of γ-emitters in soil and crop produce, but well within permissible limits, was observed. Thus, LFA can be used on a large scale to boost soil fertility and productivity with no adverse effects on the soil or crops, which may solve the problem of bulk disposal of fly ash in an eco-friendly manner.     

典型固体废物焚烧飞灰的污染物特性研究

采用成分分析法和毒性监测法系统分析了来源于6类典型固体废物焚烧飞灰的污染物特性．研究表明,6类固体废物焚烧飞灰的主要组成元素有Si、 Ca、 Al、 Fe、 K、 Na、 Cl等．各重金属成分中,Zn是受试飞灰（除LS飞灰）中含量最高的重金属元素,范围在2100～32100 mg/kg,均值达9458 mg/kg;元素Cd、 Zn、 Cu、 Cr、 Ni、 Pb、 As平均值则分别为土壤中的各元素含量的642、 127、 22、 18、 15、 10、 2倍．国标硫酸硝酸法和TCLP浸出程序对飞灰中的重金属浸出率普遍偏低,仅其中2类工业废物焚烧飞灰在TCLP法下超出鉴别限值;虽然受试飞灰中二英类物质（PCDD/Fs）毒性当量均低于危险废物毒性物质含量鉴别(GB 5085.6-2007)有关二英类物质规定,但与浙江省部分地区污染土壤中的平均二英毒性当量进行比较,HZ、 WZ、 NB、 TZ和HUZ飞灰分别为其105、 59、 401、 369和5倍,除LS飞灰外其余5种飞灰的毒性当量值要大大高于加拿大、 新西兰和瑞典的土壤中二英的指导值．本研究结果说明不同焚烧厂飞灰化学组成存在很大差异;焚烧废物成分对飞灰中的重金属元素有一定的影响,但焚烧工艺过程是影响固体废物焚烧飞灰中重金属和二英分布和丰度的最主要因素．因此,无论是生活垃圾还是工业危险废物的焚烧飞灰均具有很大的潜在环境风险,处理或利用前必须对其性质进行充分调研．     

Lung retention and bioavailability of arsenic after single intratracheal administration of sodium arsenite,sodium arsenate,fly ash and copper smelter dust in the hamster

Arsenic is present in airborne particulate material released by coal-fired power plants and non-ferrous metal smelters. We have assessed whether the physico-chemical properties of arsenic in such particles play a role in its lung retention and uptake by the body. Female hamsters were given a single intratracheal instillation of fly ash or copper smelter dust suspensions (at doses of 50 or 100 g As kg^–1) or identical amounts of soluble tri- and pentavalent arsenic, in the presence or absence of an inert dust material (tungsten carbide). The concentration of the element was measured in a 24 hour urine sample collected on the 1st, 2nd and 6th day after treatment and arsenic remaining in lung tissue was determined at the end of the same time periods. Both lung retention and urinary As excretion indicate a prolonged contact of the lung tissue with particulate As in contrast to soluble As salts. In addition to the effect of solubility described here, more research is needed to determine the effect of particle size and lung loading on retention, as well as the potential differences in the lung inflammatory response using arsenic-rich particulates from various sources.     

污水污泥堆肥重金属总量及形态变化

采用高温好氧静态强制通风堆肥工艺,研究了污水污泥与锯末、粉煤灰或磷矿粉按不同比例混合堆肥前后重金属(Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd和As)总量的变化,以及重金属在交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态3种不稳定态和包括有机结合态、残渣态的稳定态含量的变化,同时探讨了粉煤灰和磷矿粉在堆肥过程中所起的钝化效果. 结果表明:该试验可以显著降低污泥中交换态Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd和As的含量,提高其他形态的含量,但不能降低重金属总量;对重金属的作物可利用态含量的降低以及其他形态含量升高的效果来看,试验A最好,试验B和D次之,试验C最差. 粉煤灰和磷矿粉都是良好的钝化剂,在起钝化效果时,其用量并不是越多越好;在与污泥、锯末混合堆肥中,应控制粉煤灰和磷矿粉用量在15%左右,但是粉煤灰的钝化效果优于磷矿粉.      

高掺量粉煤灰烧结砖的制备

研究了高掺量粉煤灰烧结砖的制备工艺条件。结果表明：采用半干压成型，在成型压力19．6MPa、煅烧温度1000—1050℃、保温时间8h的条件下，可制得粉煤灰掺量高达80％的烧结砖，其物理力学性能及耐久性能都超过MU15普通粘土砖。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰的稳定化处置与资源化利用研究进展

随着垃圾焚烧处理日益广泛的应用，垃圾焚烧飞灰的稳定化处置和资源化利用成为一个亟待解决的问题。文中对垃圾焚烧飞灰的稳定化处置和资源化利用技术分别进行了综合论述，为飞灰的无害化和资源化处理提供参考。