Impact of Coal Ash from Electric Power Production on Changes in Water Quality1

ABSTRACT: Since 1972 the use of coal in the U.S. has increased much more rapidly than predicted, with much of this increased use by electric power generating plants. Residue after combustion consists primarily of inorganic materials, with the majority of chemical elements concentrated in fly ash as is sulfate. The concentration of sulfate in this ash fraction most affects the chemical and physical state of other elements when fly ash comes in contact with water by lowering the pH. In a properly constructed and operated ash settling basin, however, major water quality parameters of effluent may be improved as compared to source water. It is necessary, however, to consider the solubility or deposition in sediment of potentially toxic chemical elements from fly ash as these may affect reuse of this water, or as they may impact other parts of the aquatic environment.     

The reuse of municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash slag as a cement substitute

The results of the treatment of fly ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) by melting are described, and the safety and the effectiveness of using the slag produced by this melting treatment are studied. The properties of the MSWI fly ash slag were analyzed, to evaluate the feasibility of its reuse as a substitute for part of the cement required in mortar preparation. This MSWI fly ash slag was found to be comprised mainly of SiO₂ and CaO, which can be substituted for up to 20% of the cement content in mortar, without sacrificing the quality of the resultant concrete. In fact, the concrete thus produced has greater compressive strength, 10% higher than that without the substitution. The setting time of the fresh mortar becomes lengthens as increasing amounts of cement are replaced; while the spread flow value increases with the increasing percentage of cement substitution. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that when the W/C=0.38 and the curing AGE=28 days, the crystal patterns in the mortar samples, prepared with different amounts of cement having been replaced by MSWI fly ash slag are similar. According to the results of the toxic characteristic leaching procedure analysis, MSWI fly ash slag should be classified as general non-hazardous industrial waste, that meets the effluent standard. Therefore, the reuse of MSWI fly ash slag is feasible, and will not result in pollution due to the leaching of heavy metals.     

高掺量粉煤灰烧结砖的制备

研究了高掺量粉煤灰烧结砖的制备工艺条件。结果表明：采用半干压成型，在成型压力19．6MPa、煅烧温度1000—1050℃、保温时间8h的条件下，可制得粉煤灰掺量高达80％的烧结砖，其物理力学性能及耐久性能都超过MU15普通粘土砖。     

医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属浸出的影响因素

以四川某城市为例,对医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰进行了重金属的浸出特性实验,探讨了不同液固比、初始pH值及浸取剂对飞灰中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni的浸出影响.结果表明,重金属的浸出率随着液固比的增加而增加;重金属在酸性条件下较易浸出,而在碱性条件下渗滤较少;不同的浸取剂对重金属的浸出也有一定影响.     

Removal of elemental mercury by iodine-modified rice husk ash sorbents

Iodine-modified calcium-based rice husk ash sorbents(I2/CaO/RHA) were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction,X-ray fluorescence,and N2 isotherm adsorption/desorption.Adsorption experiments of vapor-phase elemental mercury(Hg0) were performed in a laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor.I2/CaO/RHA performances on Hg0 adsorption were compared with those of modified Ca-based fly ash sorbents(I2/CaO/FA) and modified fly ash sorbents(I2/FA) .Effects of oxidant loading,supports,pore size distribution,iodine impregnation modes,and temperature were investigated as well to understand the mechanism in capturing Hg0.The modified sorbents exhibited reasonable effciency for Hg0 removal under simulated flue gas.The surface area,pore size distribution,and iodine impregnation modes of the sorbents did not produce a strong effect on Hg0 capture effciency,while fair correlation was observed between Hg0 uptake capacity and iodine concentration.Therefore,the content of I2 impregnated on the sorbents was identified as the most important factor influencing the capacity of these sorbents for Hg0 uptake.Increasing temperature in the range of 80-140°C caused a rise in Hg0 removal.A reaction mechanism that may explain the experimental results was presumed based on the characterizations and adsorption study.     

Characterization of mechanochemical treated fly ash from a medical waste incinerator

The mechanochemical treatment of fly ash generated from a medical waste incinerator was subjected to grinding for 2 hr at 400 r/min in a planetary ball mill. The treated fly ash was characterized by a suite of analytical methods including High Resolution Gas Chromatograph/High Resolution Mass Spectrometer, Mastersizer 2000 Particle Size Analyzer, QUADRASORBTM SI Surface Area Analyzer, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray di raction. Results showed that abatement e ciency of polychlorinated dibenzop- dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs) in terms of total concentration averagely amount to 76% which was relatively higher than that of I-TEQ concentration averagely amount to 56%; the most concentration of toxic congeners as well as isomers of PCDDs/Fs decreased after mechanochemical treatment. The treated fly ash was characterized by a more homogeneous distribution of concaves as well as the significant decreasing in overall particle size and great enlargement in surface area. The major crystallization phases or intensities were considerably changed by mechanochemical treatment, of which a new phase containing chlorine formed may be a possible factor suggesting chlorination reaction occurring on the crystalline surface.     

微生物对煤系固体废弃物淋滤液污染性影响

煤矸石和粉煤灰是煤矿区的两种主要废弃物,它们不仅占用大量的土地,同时也对矿区环境产生了严重污染。分别接种氧化硫硫杆菌和解磷细菌于煤矸石和粉煤灰中,通过柱状淋滤试验研究微生物对两种固体废弃物淋滤液污染性的影响。结果表明:煤矸石中添加氧化硫硫杆菌能显著脱除煤矸石中的硫,同时淋滤液中也生成了大量的H+和铁离子,使淋滤液中硫酸根和磷酸根离子浓度显著增大,超出了GB3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》的指标。粉煤灰中添加解磷菌能显著提高淋滤液中的磷含量和电导率,但对淋滤液的pH、SO42-和铁离子影响不明显。氧化硫硫杆菌和解磷细菌对煤矸石和粉煤灰混合工艺处理效果较好,粉煤灰在一定程度上降低了硫、磷和铁的污染性。     

钛白废酸与粉煤灰集合处理染料废水试验研究

以钛白粉废酸与粉煤灰为原料研制粉煤灰基混凝剂(FABC),通过对某印染废水的混凝和吸附处理,废水的COD和色度去除率分别达到80.4%和91.65%。该方法集合了混凝、吸附于一体,具有混凝沉降速度快,处理费用低,以废治废的特点。     

粉煤灰催化H_2O_2氧化水中对硝基酚研究

采用粉煤灰做催化剂,研究了在常温常压下对H2O2氧化对硝基酚(PNP)的催化性能.在分析粉煤灰理化性质的基础上,考察了粉煤灰种类,不同预处理方法以及粉煤灰投加量、pH、反应时间、H2O2浓度等因素对PNP去除率的影响.结果表明,比表面积大,未燃炭含量高的粉煤灰催化效果好;经过350℃预处理可以有效提高其催化性能;在pH=2,反应时间为60min,H2O2起始浓度为200mg/L,粉煤灰投加量为60g/L的条件下,热处理粉煤灰对PNP的去除率为62.38%.其中,粉煤灰的比表面积、未燃炭以及活性金属氧化物均是影响其催化活性的重要因素.在催化氧化对硝基苯酚过程中,吸附占有重要作用,为总去除率的65.97%.粉煤灰可以重复使用,随使用次数增加,粉煤灰催化性能提高.第2次、第3次对PNP的去除率分别为82.47%和98.72%,之后的9次实验中去除率均保持在99%左右,在使用12次后催化性能降低.     

Evaluation of zeolites synthesized from fly ash as potential adsorbents for wastewater containing heavy metals

Both pure-form zeolites (zeolites A and X) were synthesized by applying a two-stage method during hydrothermal treatment of fly ash prepared initial gel. The difference of adsorption capacity of both fly ash-synthesized zeolits was assessed under the same adsorption conditions. Copper and zinc were chosen as target heavy metal ions. It was found that adsorption capacity of zeolite A showed much higher value than that of zeolite X. Thus, attention was focused on investigating the removal performance of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution on the synthetic pure-form zeolite A from fly ash, zeolite HS (hydroxyl-solidate) prepared from the residual fly ash (after synthesis of pure-form zeolite A from fly ash) and a commercial grade zeolite A. Batch method was employed to study the influential parameters such as initial pH value, adsorbents dosage and adsorption temperature on the adsorption process. The equilibrium data were well fitted by the Langmuir model and showed the affinity: Cu2+ > Zn2+ (adsorbent FA-ZA). The removal mechanism of metal ions followed adsorption and ion exchange processes. Attempts were also made to recover heavy metal ions and regenerate adsorbents (adsorbent FA-ZA).