垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融过程中重金属分离效果影响因素研究

采用重庆同兴垃圾焚烧发电厂产生的焚烧飞灰,在感应炉上进行熔融处理实验研究,探讨了熔融温度、熔融时间、碱度等因素对熔融过程中重金属分离效果的影响.结果表明,重金属的挥发率按其熔沸点高低区分明显,Pb、Zn和Cd的挥发率较高,分别为80%、60%和95%左右;Cr、Mn的挥发率均低于10%.随着熔融时间、熔融温度和碱度的增加,Pb、Zn、Cd、Mn、Cr的挥发率变化趋势不明显;铁浴熔融方式可进一步促进Zn、Pb、Hg的挥发,有利于Cr、Cu从熔渣中分离出来,与生铁形成合金.对熔渣的浸出毒性测试结果表明,重金属元素的浸出毒性均可达标(GB5085.3-1996).     

改性粉煤灰处理洗涤剂废水优化条件的实验研究

利用改性粉煤灰絮凝、高效吸附作用处理洗涤剂废水：通过实验考察改性粉煤灰对洗涤剂废水处理效果影响的一系列参数,由正交实验得到优化实验条件。10g改性粉煤灰处理废水的量为150mL,pH值为7,搅拌时间40min,搅拌温度为50℃。在最佳条件下测得废水的COD和LAS去除率分别为82．48％和67．06％。     

含砷飞灰固化处理研究

通过试验确定了胶凝材料的组成体系,探讨了影响胶凝材料性能的主要工艺参数,确立的最佳固化工艺条件为:水泥∶砂子∶飞灰= 57.6∶40∶2.4,水灰比为0.28,水泥采用标号为42.5的快硬硫铝酸盐特种水泥,以硫化钠作为添加剂,其用量为飞灰/硫化钠= 1.5.在最佳配比和最佳养护条件下,固化体在实验室条件下抗压强度可达2.5 MPa,砷的浸出浓度为0.83 mg/L,达到了相关的填埋标准.     

新标准下垃圾焚烧飞灰化学稳定技术的比选和研究

研究了新的生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准(GB168892008)实施后,飞灰要进入生活垃圾卫生填埋场时传统的重金属稳定方法可行性,并在此基础上提出了新的复合药剂稳定法.研究结果表明,已经报道的化学药剂稳定法均有必要重新检验其对重金属的稳定效果是否满足新的填埋标准的要求.绿矾与TMT-18配合使用、绿矾用量为25%（质量分数）以下、TMT-18的用量为8‰左右时完全可以使飞灰中所有重金属浸出浓度满足新的填埋标准要求,是处理二噁英含量不高于3 ng·g-1(以TEQ计)飞灰的一种经济处理技术.对二噁英含量高于3 ng·g-1 (TEQ)的飞灰,采用绿矾辅助水热处理的方法可以稳定包括Pb、Cd在内的所有重金属和降解二噁英使之符合新填埋标准对飞灰填埋的要求.     

黑曲霉对海口城市垃圾焚烧飞灰生物淋滤作用的影响

采用黑曲霉淋滤海口垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属,通过定期监测淋滤过程中的菌体浓度,pH值和飞灰中四种超标重金属Cr、Zn、Cd、Pb在淋滤液中的浓度来探讨黑曲霉对海口城市垃圾焚烧飞灰生物淋滤作用的影响.结果表明:在生物淋滤初期,黑曲霉生长延迟,对飞灰中重金属的滤出作用不明显.随后黑曲霉菌丝浓度缓慢升高,淋滤液pH下降,4种金属在淋滤液中的浓度均不断增加,Cr、Zn、Cd、Pb分别在第12、12、9、12天达到峰值1.51 mg/L、75.72 mg/L、2.18 mg/L、19.09 mg/L.在第18天实验结束时,这4种重金属在淋滤液中的浓度均随菌丝球的出现显著下降.因此黑曲霉可有效去除飞灰中的Cr、Zn、Cd,Pb,并通过将其固定在菌丝球中,降低其在淋滤液中的浓度.     

粉煤灰复垦中锌、硒、锑的淋溶释放研究

粉煤灰用于土地复垦,可以改良土质,并提高粉煤灰的利用率,已成为粉煤灰主要利用途径之一。但是在自然降水的条件下,一些元素如锌、硒、锑等会从复垦土壤中被淋滤出,进而对环境造成危害。通过对粉煤灰复垦的土壤连续淋滤2,8,14 h,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)对淋出液中的锌、硒、锑进行分析测定,实验结果表明,取样深度为10 cm时,随着离复垦土壤的距离增加,下游土壤中锌浓度一直减少,硒浓度先减少后增加,而锑浓度先增加后减少,与背景值相比,淋滤液中的锌和硒都有不同程度的富集。     

粉煤灰在改良土壤中的应用研究

摘要：粉煤灰的颗粒组成以微细的玻璃体为主,其颗粒组成决定了粉煤灰可用作土壤改良剂。但由于单一废弃物的营养元素常不平衡或物理性质不够理想,单独用于土壤中容易造成一些负面影响,故采用粉煤灰和有机固体废弃物配施,为植物生长提供更充分的营养物质和能量。     

对生活垃圾焚烧产物中重金属的探讨

以成都某生活垃圾焚烧厂为例,通过实验分别研究了焚烧产物中各主要重金属的含量和浸出毒性,由此分析了生活垃圾焚烧产物中的重金属对城市环境的危害。结果表明,该生活垃圾焚烧厂排放的飞灰和炉渣样品中,镉,铜,铅,锌的含量接近或超过国家土壤环境质量标准三级标准,其浸出液pH呈强碱性,镉和飞灰中铅量超过国家浸出液中危害成分浓度限值标准,在环境中存在潜在危害性。在此基础上探讨了生活垃圾中重金属的来源,提出了可行性建议。     

Impact of Fly Ash from Coal-Fired Power Stations in Delhi, with Particular Reference to Metal Contamination

Indraprastha Power Station (IPP Stn) and Rajghat Power House (RPH), owned by Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking, are both coal-fired power stations located on Ring Road in New Delhi. Ash content of the coal used ranges between 38–47%. The ash is collected in electrostatic precipitators which have an efficiency of 99.3% (IPP station), and 99.7% (RPH). There are instances of major dust pollution around the power stations from fly ash dispersal. The main method of disposal of fly ash from the power stations is by mixing with water, the resultant slurry is pumped through pipes to ash disposal ponds. The supernatant from these ponds is discharged into River Yamuna. Field studies have revealed large quantities of fly ash being deposited into the river. Local populations of Eichhornia crassipes have reduced dramatically between 1987–1995, with a marked reduction in the year 1994–1995. Field studies, conducted in January, 1995 have investigated the impact of fly ash dispersal in the Delhi region with particular reference to metal contamination. Elemental concentrations for a range of elements are determined by ICP-AES in fly ash and top soils along four transects from the power stations up to a distance of 8 km. The effects of fly ash leachates from the ash settling ponds on the river are determined by analyzing river overbank soils and vegetation for their elemental contents. It is concluded that fly ash dispersal from the stacks are a source of alkali, alkaline-earth and to some extent heavy metals in soils in the vicinity of the power stations, and enrichment of elements in river overbank soils are a result of discharge of fly ash leachates from ash disposal ponds. However, the impact from both these sources of metal contamination is not large enough to give cause for concern. Marked reduction in populations of Eichhornia crassipes downstream of the river where it receives leachates from the ash disposal ponds are attributed to turbidity of the ash pond leachates and metal toxicity. Elemental enrichment in the floodplain soils, as a result of fly ash particle deposition during monsoons, may enhance the horticultural value of these soils as is shown by a healthy cultivated crop of Brassica juncea.     

Leaching of arsenic from coal fly ashes 2. Arsenic pre‐leaching with sodium gluconate solution

The present study deals with the development of an efficient and reliable process for safe disposal of coal fly ash to remove arsenic that has been found to be the most easily leachable and hazardous heavy metal in coal fly ash. Pre‐leaching of fly ash prior to disposal by a natural chelating agent, sodium gluconate (SG), was proposed and studied. Several operational factors influencing arsenic leachability, such as concentration of SG solution, liquid to solid ratio, pH, length of leaching time and leaching temperature were examined. Arsenic was found to leach out substantially with SG, but almost no further release was observed from the ash pre‐leached by SG. After the pre‐leaching treatment, the desirable high buffering capacity of the ash was well sustained. SG solution was effectively regenerated by activated alumina adsorption so that it could be successfully reused for multiple leaching/adsorption cycles.