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461.
462.
Octanoic acid (OA) was selected to represent fatty acids in effluent organic matter (EOM). The effects of feed solution (FS) properties, membrane orientation and initial permeate flux on OA fouling in forward osmosis (FO) were investigated. The undissociated OA formed a cake layer quickly and caused the water flux to decline significantly in the initial 0.5 hr at unadjusted pH 3.56; while the fully dissociated OA behaved as an anionic surfactant and promoted the water permeation at an elevated pH of 9.00. Moreover, except at the initial stage, the sudden decline of water flux (meaning the occurrence of severe membrane fouling) occurred in two conditions: 1. 0.5 mmol/L Ca2 +, active layer facing draw solution (AL-DS) and 1.5 mol/L NaCl (DS); 2. No Ca2 +, active layer-facing FS (AL-FS) and 4 mol/L NaCl (DS). This demonstrated that cake layer compaction or pore blocking occurred only when enough foulants were absorbed into the membrane surface, and the water permeation was high enough to compact the deposit inside the porous substrate. Furthermore, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was selected as a co-foulant. The water flux of both co-foulants was between the fluxes obtained separately for the two foulants at pH 3.56, and larger than the two values at pH 9.00. This manifested that, at pH 3.56, BSA alleviated the effect of the cake layer caused by OA, and OA enhanced BSA fouling simultaneously; while at pH 9.00, the mutual effects of OA and BSA eased the membrane fouling. 相似文献
463.
464.
以多巴胺(DA)、1,3-二氨基胍盐酸盐(DAG)、氨基化氧化石墨烯(NGO)为改性剂,将氧化沉积和表面接枝法联用于聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)原膜表面改性,得到NGO/PDA-DAG改性膜,研究改性膜的制备条件及其抗污染性能.结果表明:①改性膜最佳制备条件为DA浓度1.5mg/mL,DA氧化沉积时间4h,DAG质量浓度1wt%,NGO浓度2mg/mL,NGO接枝时间1h;②改性膜的亲水性能改善明显.改性剂向膜面引入了-NH2、C=N、-OH、C=O等亲水性官能团,使静态接触角由68.7°(原膜)下降到38.7°(改性膜);③改性膜比原膜具有更高的机械强度.改性层改善了原膜表面应力传递盲区,使改性膜表面粗糙度由原膜的46.5nm下降到18.3nm.改性膜的拉伸强度和杨氏模量分别为22.83和376.25Mpa,比原膜提高了39.72%和13.57%;④改性膜的选择透过性和抗有机污染性能显著提高.与原膜相比,改性膜对牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的截留率提高18.64%、纯水通量恢复率提高34.08%、膜总污染率下降20.67%(可逆污染率提高13.41%、不可逆污染率下降34.08%);⑤改性膜抗菌性能强,且抗菌效果稳定持久.改性膜连续4次抗菌测试(38℃下接触2h)的平均抗菌率分别为92.3%、88.5%、87.9%、85.6%,能有效防止生物膜污染发生,而原膜无任何抗菌特性. 相似文献
465.
Experimental and theoretical analysis were made on the natural humic acid removal and the membrane fouling of ultrafiltration (UF) with in-line coagulation. The results showed dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and UV254 removals by the UF with in-line coagulation at pH 7 were increased from 28% to 53% and 40% to 78% in comparison with direct UF treatment respectively. At the same time, the analysis of high performance liquid chromatography showed that UF with coagulation had significant improvement of removal of humic acid with molecular weights less than 6000 Da in particular. Compared to direct UF, the in-line coagulation UF also kept more constant permeate flux and very slight increase oftransmembrane pressure during a filtration circle. Two typical membrane fouling models were used by inducing two coefficients Kc and Kp corresponding to cake filtration model and pore narrowing model respectively. It was found that membrane fouling by pore-narrowing effect was effectively alleviated and that by cake-filtration was much decreased by in-line coagulation. Under the condition of coagulation prior to ultrafiltration at pH 7, the cake layer formed on the membrane surface became thicker, but the membrane filtration resistance was lower than that at pH 5 with the extension of operation time. 相似文献