A critical review on the application of biochar in environmental pollution remediation: Role of persistent free radicals (PFRs)

Biochar as an emerging carbonaceous material has exhibited a great potential in environmental application for its perfect adsorption ability. However, there are abundant persistent free radicals (PFRs) in biochar, so the direct and indirect PFRs-mediated removal of organic and inorganic contaminants by biochar was widely reported. In order to comprehend deeply the formation of PFRs in biochar and their interactions with contaminants, this paper reviews the formation mechanisms of PFRs in biochar and the PFRs-mediated environmental applications of biochar in recent years. Finally, future challenges in this field are also proposed. This review provides a more comprehensive understanding on the emerging applications of biochar from the viewpoint of the catalytic role of PFRs.     

森林地区PM2.5中氨基酸的水平、来源及转化

在春季采集了南昌森林地区(28.75°N,115.71°E)大气PM_2.5样品,测定了其结合氨基酸(CAAs)和游离氨基酸(FAAs)的浓度以及甘氨酸(Gly)的氮同位素.结果表明,大气气溶胶中总CAAs的浓度为272.8~4761.5pmol/m³,总FAAs浓度为56.4~494.0pmol/m³.通过分析PM_2.5中氨基酸的百分比组成,得出CAAs中Pro、Gly、Glu、Leu和Ala为主要氨基酸,分别占总CAAs的(19.5±12.0)%, (19.4±10.6)%, (15.3±4.9)%, (12.8±5.4)%和(9.1±1.6)%.在FAAs中,Gly为最丰富的氨基酸,占总FAAs的(71.1±9.2)%,其他单个FAAs的百分比却很小(占比范围为0.1%~14.3%).FAAs中的中性氨基酸百分占比明显高于其在CAAs中的百分占比,这可能与远距离传输过程中氨基酸的光化学反应有关.通过氨基酸浓度与O₃、NO₂和温度的相关性分析,发现森林地区气溶胶中FAAs形成与大气光化学过程和热反应有关.气溶胶中δ¹⁵N_C-Gly值(-1.0‰~+17.5‰)和δ¹⁵N_F-Gly值(-5.5‰~+13.0‰)均接近于土壤源的δ¹⁵N_Gly值,说明森林地区PM_2.5中氨基酸可能主要来源于土壤源.     

游离亚硝酸预处理对剩余污泥电解及微生物群落结构的影响

为打破传统厌氧发酵周期长,有机质利用率低等瓶颈,增强污泥的资源利用和能源回收,探讨了游离亚硝酸（FNA）预处理对剩余污泥电解效果及微生物群落的影响.对比分析了FNA预处理前后剩余污泥在微生物电解池（MEC）中的电流和氢气产生、溶解性有机物和挥发酸的释放和利用及功能菌群的变化情况.结果表明,FNA预处理能有效地促进剩余污泥在MEC系统中的水解和酸化,其溶解性糖类、蛋白和挥发酸的含量远高于未预处理组,进而促进了水解发酵菌、产电菌及反硝化菌的生长和富集,最终挥发酸利用率均在97%以上,表现为电流（1.9mA）和氢气（0.86mL/g VSS）的增强,分别是空白组的3.8倍和5.1倍.     

游离氨(FA)协同曝气时间对活性污泥沉降性能的影响

采用3个序批式反应器(SBR)(R0:硝化结束时停曝气;R_(0-30):硝化结束提前30 min停曝气;R_(0+30):硝化结束延迟30 min停曝气),控制3种游离氨(FA)浓度梯度(0.5,5.1,10.1 mg/L)协同3种曝气时间(t0:硝化结束时停曝气;t0-30:硝化结束提前30 min停曝气;t0+30:硝化结束延迟30 min停曝气)的条件下,研究了FA协同曝气时间对活性污泥沉降性能的影响。结果表明:整个试验过程,在初始FA浓度相同条件下,R0和R_(0+30)系统NH+4-N平均去除率分别为98.6%和99.3%,而R_(0-30)系统NH+4-N平均去除率仅为72.3%。在较低FA浓度(0.5,5.1 mg/L)条件下,随着曝气时间增加,活性污泥的污泥沉降比(SV30)值和污泥体积指数(SVI)值均逐渐降低,污泥沉降性能趋好。在较高FA浓度(10.1 mg/L)条件下,随着运行周期的增加,污泥沉降性能逐步变好,R_(0-30)系统的SVI平均值最大,R_(0+30)系统次之,R0系统最小,其值分别为165.1,152.5,134.5 m L/g,且污泥活性f平均值大小顺序fR_(0-30)>fR0>fR_(0+30),其值分别为0.77、0.70和0.65。这表明在较高FA浓度(10.1 mg/L)条件下,曝气时间延长,导致污泥活性降低。     

主观性在环境侵权案件证据和证明中的作用研究

法院在审理环境侵权案件时,往往依赖于专业鉴定、行政标准、专家意见等等客观依据来确定案件事实.但因为环境问题的复杂性,以及民事主体自身举证能力的限制,经常出现双方举证均不充分,法院无法基于现有事实和证据得出结论的情况.此时,法官应当发挥自身能动性,主动应用主观的、甚至是非科学性的因素和手段,包括容忍义务、经验法则、自由心证等等,这些因素无法被赋予客观的标准,它需要法官基于自身的理性以及经验,结合社会一般观念、习惯等因素进行判断.     

连续流亚硝化中试反应器的启动及其能力提升

通过接种污水处理厂压滤后污泥,添加悬浮填料进行挂膜,采用连续流反应器处理模拟氨氮污水,对反应器的游离氨(FA)、游离亚硝酸(FNA)以及溶解氧(DO)进行调控,实现了中试亚硝化反应器的成功启动.结果表明,通过前期高DO,后期低DO的运行模式,并对反应器运行过程中的FA、FNA进行调控实现了AOB的富集和NOB的淘汰,启动成功后反应器内部亚硝酸盐产生速率(NPR)达到1.27 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),亚硝酸盐积累率(NAR)也稳定在98%.采用实时荧光定量PCR方法(quantitative real time PCR,q PCR)对启动初期和成功启动后反应器中的功能微生物(AOB、NOB)进行分析,q PCR结果表明反应功能微生物AOB的拷贝数从启动初期的5.3×10~9copies·m L~(-1)增长到1.6×10~(11)copies·m L~(-1),NOB的拷贝数反而从1.1×10~(10)copies·m L~(-1)下降到1.2×10~9copies·m L~(-1),AOB拷贝数的数量级比NOB的要高2个数量级,这也是在启动过程中通过DO、FA、FNA等措施对NOB联合抑制的作用.     

一种求解地下结构顶板频率和振型的方法

采用欧拉梁横向自由振动理论,发展了一种求解浅埋地下结构顶板频率和振型的方法.鉴于地下结构顶板频率求解问题的复杂性,首先将该问题假定为平面应变问题求解,推导出浅埋地下结构顶板梁的自由振动方程;然后根据顶板梁的边界条件,得到了顶板梁的频率方程,从而得出了顶板梁的频率和振型;进一步得出了墙体转动刚度对顶板频率影响的规律,即转...     

Predicting local population distributions around a central shelter based on a predation risk-growth trade-off

Animals face trade-offs between predation risk and foraging success depending on their location in the landscape; for example, individuals that remain near a common shelter may be safe from predation but incur stronger competition for resources. Despite a long tradition of theoretical exploration of the relationships among foraging success, conspecific competition, predation risk, and population distribution in a heterogeneous environment, the scenario we describe here has not been explored theoretically. We construct a model of habitat use rules to predict the distribution of a local population (prey sharing a common shelter and foraging across surrounding habitats). Our model describes realized habitat quality as a ratio of density- and location-dependent mortality to density-dependent growth. We explore how the prey distribution around a shelter is expected to change as the parameters governing the strength of density dependence, landscape characteristics, and local abundance vary. Within the range of parameters where prey spend some time away from shelter but remain site-attached, the prey density decreases away from shelter. As the distance at which prey react to predators increases, the population range generally increases. At intermediate reaction distances, however, increases in the reaction distance lead to decreases in the maximum foraging distance because of increased evenness in the population distribution. As total abundance increases, the population range increases, average population density increases, and realized quality decreases. The magnitude of these changes differs in, for example, ‘high-’ and ‘low-visibility’ landscapes where prey can detect predators at different distances.     

协调贸易与环境的最佳途径——环境成本内部化

面对经济发展带来人类福利增加的同时所产生的日益严重的环境污染问题。国际贸易被指责为环境质量下降的原因之一．甚至连国际贸易自由化的原则也受到质疑。围绕贸易与环境可否协调以及如何协调的问题．由环境保护与贸易自由化在理论和实践中的冲突引出贸易与环境之间存在着复杂的相互作用；并通过进一步的经济学分析得出结论：环境问题的根源并不是国际贸易。而是环境成本的外部性造成的市场失灵，而国际贸易只是加重了这种市场失灵。二者可以协调发展。环境成本内部化是解决这一问题的最佳手段。通过环境成本内部化可以达到环境资源的合理配置并最终实现可持续发展。