Role of the reduction site in the fluorinated or sulfated TiO2 photocatalytic process

In this article,the effects of TiO_2 surface fluorination and sulfation,on the active oxygen species formed at the reduction site in the photocatalytic process,namely O_2~(?) and H_2O_2,were investigated from a new perspective.The superoxide radical,(O_2~(?)),was determined by colorimetry of nitroblue tetrazolium,a prominent O_2~(?) scavenger.Hydrogen peroxide (H_2O_2) was estimated by using the iodide-starch method.In the naked TiO_2 photocatalysis,O_2~(?) though less reactive,was a very important intermediate.When the TiO_2 surface was fluorinated,more O_2~(?) and H_2O_2 were produced,which indicated that the surface modification could greatly reduce the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes,thus enhancing the photocatalytic rate.In the sulfated system,photocatalysis proceeded with a more complicated mechanism.These results added support to the view of fluoride-induced enhancement and sulfide's nonappreciable inhibition effect.     

用于湿法净化黑烟表面活性剂筛选的数学模型研究

湿法净化燃煤窑炉中的黑烟,关键在于表面活性剂对炭黑的润湿、增溶和降低表面张力作用.根据研究筛选的数学模型,计算AEO-9和SDBS混合表面活性剂溶液的亲水亲油平衡值HLB、临界胶束浓度CMC与胶束形成吉布斯自由能ΔG0mf.通过实验测得不同配比AEO-9和SDBS溶液的CMC和处于该CMC时黑烟的去除效率η,分析混合溶液中HLB、CMC、ΔG0mf与η的关系,建立新的数学模型.结果表明,理论CMC与实测CMC吻合度较好;HLB与ln[CMC]线性相关;ΔG0mf与η存在二次函数关系.降低CMC可以有效增大HLB,增加溶解度,减小形成胶束的吉布斯自由能,降低表面张力,使形成胶束的反应更容易自发进行,有效提高黑烟去除效率.     

NO3自由基与3种环醚的大气化学反应动力学研究

在自制的大气反应烟雾箱模拟实验装置中,利用相对速率法研究了3种工业常用溶剂四氢呋喃、1,3-二氧五环、1,4-二氧六环与NO3自由基在298 K±1 K和1.01×105 Pa条件下的反应,目的是通过了解这些挥发性有机化合物（volatile organiccompounds,VOCs）在大气中的降解反应动力学来评估这些化合物对环境可能造成的影响.利用配有氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）的气相色谱（GC）检测反应物浓度变化,测得NO3自由基与四氢呋喃的反应速率常数为（5.36±1.93）×10-15cm3·（molecule·s）-1,与文献报道值在误差范围内非常吻合,验证了实验装置和实验方法的可靠性.实验首次测定了298 K±1K和1.01×105 Pa条件下1,3-二氧五环以及1,4-二氧六环与NO3自由基反应的速率常数,分别为（1.84±0.70）×10-15cm3·（molecule·s）-1和（3.20±0.67）×10-16 cm3.（molecule·s）-1.利用所测反应速率常数估算这些化合物在大气中的平均寿命都在1 d甚至十几d,因此,其排放可能会对区域大气环境产生一定的影响.     

Evaluation of the infectivity, gene and antigenicity persistence of rotaviruses by free chlorine disinfection

The effects of free chlorine disinfection of tap water and wastewater effluents on the infectivity, gene integrity and surface antigens of rotaviruses were evaluated by a bench-scale chlorine disinfection experiments. Plaque assays, integrated cell culture-quantitative RT-PCR (ICC-RT-qPCR), RT-qPCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), respectively, were used to assess the influence of the disinfectant on virus infectivity as well as genetic and antigenic integrity of simian rotavirus SA11 as a surrogate for human rotaviruses. The ICC-RT-qPCR was able to detect rotaviruses survival from chlorine disinfection at chlorine dose up to 20 mg/L (60 min contact), which suggested a required chlorine dose of 5 folds (from 1 to 5 mg/L) higher than that indicated by the plaque assay to achieve 1.8 log₁₀ reductions in tap water with 60 min exposing. The VP7 gene was more resistant than the infectivity and existed at chlorine dose up to 20 mg/L (60 min contact), while the antigencity was undetectable with chlorine dose more than 5 mg/L (60 min contact). The water quality also impacted the inactivation efficiencies, and rotaviruses have a relatively higher resistant in secondary effluents than in the tap water under the same chlorine disinfection treatments. This study indicated that rotaviruses have a higher infectivity, gene and antigencity resistance to chlorine than that previously indicated by plaque assay only, which seemed to underestimate the resistance of rotaviruses to chlorine and the risk of rotaviruses in environments. Present results also suggested that re-evaluation of resistance of other waterborne viruses after disinfections by more sensitive infectivity detection method (such as ICC-RT-qPCR) may be necessary, to determine the adequate disinfectant doses required for the inactivation of waterborne viruses.     

空空导弹振动试验条件分析

振动环境是空空导弹所经历的最严酷的环境之一,振动试验量级将直接影响空空导弹的结构完整性和工作性能。通过对空空导弹寿命期内经历的振动环境进行分析,针对运输、挂机飞行以及自由飞行状态下振动产生的主要诱因,结合相关标准及国外相关测试数据,初步提出了针对空空导弹的试验条件与试验方法,为相关设计人员提供了参考。     

水体中羟基自由基介导的三氯卡班氧化机制的量子化学研究

因羟基自由基引发的初始反应对于研究高级氧化过程中有机污染物的转化至关重要.本研究采用量子化学计算探究羟基自由基与三氯卡班加成与抽氢反应的机理,并利用ECOSAR软件预测并评价产物的生态毒性.结果表明,除C₁₄位点加成反应外,其它反应过程均为放热 反应;反应活化自由能为6.55~23.5 kcal·mol^-1,其中,最小值和最大值分别为C₂₀和C₁₄位点的加成反应;同时,C₁、C₃、C₂₅和C₁₄位点的加成反应与三氯卡班的脱氯或C—N的断裂存在协同.进一步动力学研究结果显示,加成与抽氢反应的总速率为2.27×10⁸ L·mol^-1·s^-1,其中,速率最大和最小的反应分别为C₂₀（1.11×10⁸ L·mol^-1·s^-1）和C₁₄（1.30×10^-5 L·mol^-1·s^-1）位点的加成,并且加成反应占主要通道（74.8%）,尤以C₂₀位点的加成产物最为突出（49.0%）,以上研究与平均局部离子化能计算结果相一致.生态毒性评价结果虽然表明加成反应可有效脱毒,但大部分产物对 水生生物仍具有一定威胁.     

稀土对植物抗逆作用的自由基机制

通过研究及收集的资料，提出在植物生长期中，稀土元素能增加植物的抗逆性，当植物受到酸雨、重金属及盐胁迫时，稀土表现出抗氧化性质，而且稀土对植物的抗逆作用是由于其具有清除含氧自由基的作用。     

不同来源腐殖酸对三价锑的光氧化作用及影响因素

三价锑是有毒金属锑生物地球化学循环中的不稳定还原态,其在腐殖酸体系中的光氧化过程可能是水体环境中Sb（Ⅲ）转化的重要途径.通过室内模拟实验,探讨了光照条件下不同来源腐殖酸对Sb（Ⅲ）的光氧化反应特征,并考察腐殖酸浓度、Sb（Ⅲ）初始浓度、溶液pH值、环境中普遍存在的阴阳离子等环境因素对光氧化作用的影响.结果表明：Sb（Ⅲ）在腐殖酸溶液中的光化学反应过程符合准一级动力学规律.反应体系中腐殖酸浓度的升高有利于促进Sb（Ⅲ）的光氧化作用,而Sb（Ⅲ）初始浓度增加则抑制其光氧化作用,Sb（Ⅲ）的光氧化速率常数随溶液pH值的升高而逐渐增大,褐煤来源腐殖酸对Sb（Ⅲ）的光氧化速率常数高于土壤来源腐殖酸.水环境中NO₃^-的存在促进了腐殖酸对Sb（Ⅲ）的光氧化作用,而Cl^-、SO₄^2-和Na⁺未对Sb（Ⅲ）的光氧化作用产生显著影响.羟基和超氧自由基是Sb（Ⅲ）光氧化反应中的主要活性基团,其中在酸性条件下,羟基自由基对Sb（Ⅲ）的光氧化反应起主导作用,而在中性和碱性条件下超氧自由基起主要作用.     

沼液中溶解游离氨基酸的测定——柱前衍生-反相高效液相色谱法

针对沼液特点开发pH值调节（pH 10.2）旋蒸浓缩（去除氨氮和挥发性生物胺）联合3K Millipore超滤离心分离的预处理方法.并以邻苯二甲醛（OPA）和氯甲酸芴甲酯（FMOC-Cl）为柱前衍生化试剂,结合反向高效液相色谱和荧光检测分析,对沼液中溶解游离氨基酸（DFAA）进行了定性和定量考察.该方法保证了各氨基酸在一定浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系（R²均大于0.99）,标准样品中所选用的24种氨基酸,除谷氨酸回收率为70.5%外,其它氨基酸回收率为89%～115%,相对标准偏差为1.1%～5.0%.用所建立的方法对样品中溶解游离氨基酸的测定结果为：原料即剩余污泥中的溶解游离氨基酸量为2.0mol/L,5%和20%含固率反应器的沼液中的溶解游离氨基酸量分别为0.04mol/L和1.94mol/L,且种类不同,初步表明了不同厌氧消化反应系统中氨基酸的利用和产生机制的差异.     

Enhanced degradation of trichloroethene by calcium peroxide activated with Fe(III) in the presence of citric acid

Trichloroethene (TCE) degradation by Fe(III)-activated calcium peroxide (CP) in the presence of citric acid (CA) in aqueous solution was investigated. The results demonstrated that the presence of CA enhanced TCE degradation significantly by increasing the concentration of soluble Fe(III) and promoting H₂O₂ generation. The generation of HO? and O₂^-? in both the CP/Fe(III) and CP/Fe(III)/CA systems was confirmed with chemical probes. The results of radical scavenging tests showed that TCE degradation was due predominantly to direct oxidation by HO?, while O₂^-? strengthened the generation of HO? by promoting Fe(III) transformation in the CP/Fe(III)/CA system. Acidic pH conditions were favorable for TCE degradation, and the TCE degradation rate decreased with increasing pH. The presence of Cl^-, HCO₃^-, and humic acid (HA) inhibited TCE degradation to different extents for the CP/Fe(III)/CA system. Analysis of Cl^- production suggested that TCE degradation in the CP/Fe(III)/CA system occurred through a dechlorination process. In summary, this study provided detailed information for the application of CA-enhanced Fe(III)-activated calcium peroxide for treating TCE contaminated groundwater.