真空紫外/过二硫酸盐去除饮用水中嗅味物质

为解决饮用水嗅味问题,系统研究了真空紫外光(VUV)活化过二硫酸盐(PS)对典型致嗅物质2-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)和土臭素(GSM)的去除效果及影响因素.结果表明,在PS浓度0.5 mmol·L~(-1)的条件下,PS难以去除2-MIB和GSM,VUV/PS联用工艺比VUV对2-MIB和GSM去除率分别提高76%和74%.VUV/PS联用工艺对致嗅物质的去除效果主要受PS浓度和VUV光强影响,在PS浓度0.25~2 mmol·L~(-1),VUV光强113.2~618.5μW·cm-2增加过程中,2-MIB的去除率分别增加42%和39%,GSM去除率分别增加34%和16%.p H值变化对2-MIB和GSM去除率的影响并不明显;HCO-3离子、腐殖酸的存在则导致2-MIB和GSM去除率的减小,减少程度随HCO-3离子、腐殖酸浓度的增大而增大.VUV/PS联用工艺可有效降解水中致嗅物质,降低后续水处理的难度.     

超声活化过硫酸盐降解水中典型嗅味

为有效解决饮用水嗅味污染问题,选取水中典型致嗅物质二甲基异莰醇（2-MIB）和土臭素（GSM）作为目标污染物,系统研究了超声（US）活化过硫酸盐（PS）高级氧化技术对两种致嗅物质的降解规律及其影响因素.结果表明,在15 min内超声/过硫酸盐联用工艺能有效去除水中典型嗅味,与单独超声处理相比,2-MIB和GSM的去除率分别可提高57.0%和63.6%;2-MIB与GSM浓度在100~800 ng·L^-1范围内US/PS联用工艺均有较高的去除率,且在100 ng·L^-1时降解效果最佳,去除率分别可达88.7%和93.3%;典型致嗅物质的降解速率随PS浓度（0.25~2mmol·L^-1）和US声强（0.33~0.53 W·cm^-2）的增加而加快;水体中腐殖酸存在会竞争消耗自由基使嗅味降解受到抑制但影响效果不显著;在反应体系中分别加入甲醇与叔丁醇（自由基清除剂）后,2-MIB与GSM去除率明显下降,且甲醇对嗅味降解抑制程度强于叔丁醇,表明US/PS高级氧化技术对嗅味快速的降解主要是硫酸根自由基与羟基自由基共同作用的结果.     

羟基自由基致死船舶压载水海洋有害生物研究

利用大气压强电场电离放电的物理方法,将空气中的O2和海水中H2O(气态)电离、离解生成羟基自由基(.OH)等氧活性粒子,溶于部分压载水中形成高浓度羟基溶液,再注入到输运压载水的主管路中,实现在输送压载水的过程中快速致死海洋有害生物和病原体.在10 t.h-1的船舶压载水处理实验系统中,进行了.OH致死浮游生物和细菌的实验,.OH浓度为0.65mg.L-1时,致死率达100%,达到《国际公约》压载水排放标准.同时选用牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros muelleri)、小新月菱形藻(Nitzschia closterium)进行.OH致死生物形态学研究,在显微镜下观察到.OH严重地损害了细胞壁、细胞膜、胞内物质等的重要组成和功能物质.     

干旱胁迫下5种三叶草的生理反应(英文)

为了解三叶草属抗旱的生理机理,寻找适宜干旱地区种植的三叶草品种,比较了地三叶草(Trifoliumsubterraneum L.)、大花三叶草(T.michelianum Savi)、白三叶草(T.repens L.)、高加索三叶草(T.ambiguum M.Bieb.)和草莓三叶草(T.fragiferum L.)在人工干旱条件下4 wk的生长和生理反应.结果表明,干旱处理下大花三叶草、草莓三叶草和白三叶草地上部分干重严重减少,分别降低了70%、66%和64%,而高加索三叶草和地三叶草减少不到50%;高加索三叶草叶片水势降低到-2.0 MPa以下,而其他4种三叶草只降低到-1.5MPa左右;高加索三叶草和草莓三叶草叶片光合速率降低25%,而地三叶草、白三叶草和大花三叶草下降35%~63%.此外,干旱条件下,5种供试三叶草叶片中游离脯氨酸含量普遍增加,其中高加索三叶草和白三叶草分别增加到2.5倍和3.1倍.研究显示高加索三叶草在多项重要生长和生理指标中表现出很强的抗旱性,因此认为其可作为干旱地区栽培白叶草的补充或替代种.图1表3参22     

A novel application of cultural consensus models to evaluate conservation education programs

Conservation professionals recognize the need to evaluate education initiatives with a flexible approach that is culturally appropriate. Cultural‐consensus theory (CCT) provides a framework for measuring the extent to which beliefs are communally held and has long been applied by social scientists. In a conservation‐education context, we applied CCT and used free lists (i.e., a list of items on a topic stated in order of cultural importance) and domain analysis (analysis of how free lists go together within a cultural group) to evaluate a conservation education program in which we used a children's picture book to increase knowledge about and empathy for a critically endangered mammal, the Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus). We extracted free lists of keywords generated by students (n = 580 in 18 schools) from essays they wrote before and after the education program. In 2 classroom sessions conducted approximately 18 weeks apart, we asked students to write an essay about their knowledge of the target species and then presented a book and several activities about slow loris ecology. Prior to the second session, we asked students to write a second essay. We generated free lists from both essays, quantified salience of terms used, and conducted minimal residuals factor analysis to determine presence of cultural domains surrounding slow lorises in each session. Students increased their use of words accurately associated with slow loris ecology and conservation from 43% in initial essays to 76% in final essays. Domain coherence increased from 22% to 47% across schools. Fifteen factors contributed to the domain slow loris. Between the first and second essays, factors that showed the greatest change were feeding ecology and slow loris as a forest protector, which increased 7‐fold, and the humancentric factor, which decreased 5‐fold. As demonstrated by knowledge retention and creation of unique stories and conservation opinions, children achieved all six levels of Bloom's taxonomy of learning domains. Free from the constraints of questionnaires and surveys, CCT methods provide a promising avenue to evaluate conservation education programs.     

不同污泥浓度下缺氧FNA对硝化菌活性的影响

为了考察不同污泥浓度(MLSS)下缺氧游离亚硝酸(FNA)对氨氧化菌(AOB)和亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)活性的抑制影响,采用序批式反应器(SBR),基于4种MLSS(8 398、11 254、15 998和19 637 mg·L~(-1))的全程硝化污泥条件下,通过批次试验深入研究4种MLSS下的全程硝化活性污泥经过缺氧FNA(初始浓度为1. 3 mg·L~(-1))处理48 h后,AOB和NOB活性的变化情况.结果表明,缺氧FNA处理活性污泥48 h后,p H值升高0. 9左右,NO2--N浓度并未明显下降;过曝气下,NH4+-N浓度逐渐降解至0 mg·L~(-1),NH4+-N去除速率逐渐升高至4. 4～6. 8 mg·(L·h)-1,并随着抑制MLSS的升高,其所用时越短;抑制MLSS为8 398、11 254、15 998和19 637 mg·L~(-1)时,分别过曝气0～396、0～396、0～372和0～168 h内,亚硝酸盐累积率(NAR)均大于92%,当分别曝气至468、468、444和264 h时,NO2--N浓度和NAR分别降为0 mg·L~(-1)和0%,NO3--N浓度均升高至最高,其值分别为42. 6、49. 9、42. 9和47. 9 mg·L~(-1).     

氨氮对AOB抑制的形态及规律

采用亚硝化生物膜反应器通过大量的批式实验,研究了氨氮对AOB抑制的形态及规律,控制反应条件为温度30℃,HRT 4.76 h,ORP 100 m V.结果表明,在进水氨氮浓度2 000 mg·L-1时,当AOB活性达到半抑制水平后,通过降低p H使FA浓度从235 mg·L-1降到13 mg·L-1,AOB的抑制得以解除.说明是FA对AOB产生抑制.将在各浓度梯度下得到的半抑制FA浓度IC50FA和达到半抑制水平所需反应时间t进行拟合,发现两者呈指数关系.通过分析具体方程发现在本实验条件下FA抑制AOB的最小值为98.84 mg·L-1.FA对AOB的抑制受FA浓度和反应时间两者的影响,且存在可以对AOB产生抑制的最小FA浓度值.当FA浓度大于该最小值且经过相应的反应时间后将会对AOB产生抑制作用.高浓度FA经过较短的反应时间即可对AOB形成抑制,较低浓度的FA经过足够长的反应时间可以对AOB形成与之相同的抑制水平.     

Effect of crystalline structure on terbuthylazine degradation by H2O2-assisted TiO2 photocatalysis under visible irradiation

Various methods for shifting the optical response of TiO₂ into the visible (Vis) range have been reported. Herein, we reported the application of a TiO₂/H₂O₂/Vis process and the effects of TiO2 crystalline structure on the degradation of terbuthylazine. The results indicated that TiO₂ crystalline structure and H₂O₂ addition had significant effects on terbuthylazine degradation: its degradation rate could be increased from 7% to 70% with H₂O₂ addition after 180?min of reaction, the synergistic degradation of terbuthylazine by TiO₂-Fe^{3 +} was substantially accelerated, with the degradation rate reaching up to 100% after 20?min of reaction, and rutile TiO₂ showed better photocatalytic activity and a more obvious synergistic effect than anatase TiO₂. The addition of free-radical scavengers (tert-butyl alcohol or methanol) inhibited the degradation efficiency of rutile TiO₂, but had a relatively minor effect on anatase TiO₂. Fluorescence spectrophotometry analysis indicated that hydroxyl free radicals could be continuously produced when using rutile TiO₂ as the photocatalyst. Degradation of terbuthylazine catalyzed by rutile TiO₂ occurred mainly in solution, but occurred on the particle surface of the photocatalyst when catalyzed by anatase TiO₂. This study provides new insight into the role of TiO₂ crystalline structure on the degradation of terbuthylazine and its photocatalytic degradation mechanism.     

F-对弱吸附间苯二酚光催化降解效率的提升:游离·OH的作用

传统的光催化降解机制认为是光激发产生的氧化活性物质优先对吸附在催化剂表面的污染物分子进行降解,因此,弱吸附性有机物难以接触到光催化剂并发生降解.为探究提升弱吸附有机物光催化降解的机理,本文构建了一个高暴露{001}晶面TiO_2({001}-TiO_2)降解弱吸附间苯二酚(RE)的光催化体系.实验结果表明,所制备的{001}-TiO_2具有强亲水性,并能提供大量的F~-吸附位点.RE在{001}-TiO_2表面的吸附能力很弱,并且光催化降解效果很差.F~-的加入可使RE的光催化降解速率提升近3倍.通过自由基猝灭实验发现,RE的降解主要取决于溶液中游离羟基自由基(·OH)的作用,由于F~-能与{001}-TiO_2亲水表面的羟基及·OH形成强烈的竞争吸附,从而使·OH游离到溶液中氧化降解RE.EPR测试进一步证实了F~-不仅可以促使TiO_2产生更多的游离·OH,同时也能激发产生更多超氧自由基(·O~-_2),推测·O~-_2主要由有效分离的光生电子与O_2或·OH反应生成.综上,本研究明确了游离·OH对弱吸附RE的光催化降解效率起决定作用,F~-促使游离自由基产生的机制可为弱吸附有机污染物的降解提供新思路.     

环境持久性自由基及其介导的生物学损伤

近年来,新型环境风险物质环境持久性自由基（EPFRs）被发现广泛分布于不同来源的环境介质中,如燃烧颗粒物、土壤/沉积物、天然有机质等.因其稳定性、持久性,且可以随着环境介质迁移和转化,EPFRs的生态环境风险可能被忽视.基于此,本文系统总结了存在于环境介质中的EPFRs,并归纳其分布特征;阐述了其介导的组织损伤,包括肺损伤、心血管损伤、神经毒性损伤、DNA以及细胞色素等生物大分子损伤;详述了主要由氧化应激、炎症、免疫反应以及代谢异常引起的损伤机理;最后,总结并展望了有关研究所存在的问题和未来研究方向,以期为EPFRs的生态健康风险评价和政策标准制定提供参考.