水中有机物高级氧化过程中的羟基自由基检测方法比较

化学氧化水中有机物过程中的羟基自由基的定量检测是研究高级氧化动力学和过程机理的重要技术手段。本文通过对比整理相关领域羟基自由基的检测技术，分析了目前在医学和化工领域中使用的羟基自由基测量方法的应用特点和适用范围，讨论了其中的便捷式分析方法及其在水处理高级氧化过程研究中的可用性，推荐了可用于多组分水相的Fenton试剂氧化有机物过程中的羟基自由基检测方法。     

辉光放电电解等离子体降解水体中的罗丹明B

用辉光放电电解等离子体(GDEP)对模拟染料废水罗丹明B(RhB)的降解过程进行了研究.通过发射光谱法测定了GDEP产生的活性粒子,采用紫外光谱分析了放电电压、溶液浓度、pH、Fe~(2+)等对RhB脱色率的影响,并用电导率仪和酸度计测定了降解过程中溶液的电导率和pH的变化,同时结合红外光谱粗略探讨了降解机理.结果表明,在最佳电压为600 V和放电60 min时,200 m L 20 mg·L~(-1)RhB的脱色率可达95.4%,降解过程符合动力学准一级反应;降解过程中溶液的电导率先增大后减小,溶液的pH呈现先减小后增大的趋势,说明在放电过程中产生了大量带电离子及酸性中间产物;加入0.03 mmol的Fe~(2+)对RhB的降解有催化作用,在pH=3.19条件下,放电5 min可使RhB的脱色率达到98.3%;羟基自由基(·OH)对RhB的降解起关键作用.     

Second trimester two-step trisomy 18 screening using maternal serum markers

Trisomy 21 maternal serum marker screening has led to screening for other anomalies, including trisomy 18. Trisomy 18 is generally prenatally diagnosed because of major morphological defects. However, in up to 30% of cases ultrasound signs are unclear, and in most cases diagnosis is performed late in pregnancy. Of the different maternal serum markers, PAPP-A is now considered as the best for trisomy 18 screening. However, pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) is of value in first trimester screening for trisomy 21, but not in the second trimester. We therefore propose a two-step screening strategy. Based on 45 trisomy 18 cases, we confirm the values of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (median 0.61 MoM), free β-human chorionic gonadotrophin (β-hCG) (median 0.24 MoM) and of PAPP-A (median 0.08 MoM). In the first step, a 0.5 MoM cut-off for AFP or for free β-hCG resulted in detection of 37/45 trisomy 18 cases (82%) with a 10% false-positive rate. The second step consisted of the measurement of PAPP-A for all these false-positive cases. Using a PAPP-A cut-off of 0.5 MoM, all the 37 trisomy 18 cases were detected, but now with a 0.1–0.2% false-positive rate. Amniocentesis was only offered to these few patients. This two-step second trimester screening will be of value for patients who have not been included in first trimester screening based on nuchal translucency (NT) measurement combined with the first trimester markers, PAPP-A and free β-hCG. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高温高产气井自由套管热应力研究

高温高产天然气开采所诱导的环空流体热膨胀及套管所受的热应力对井筒安全带来严峻挑战,套管爆裂及井口装置密封失效事件时有发生,因此,研究井口热应力及套管头升高十分必要.综合考虑井筒温度场、各层套管水泥返深、套管强度与力学稳定性等因素,建立了未封固井段自由套管轴向载荷及变形的计算方法,研究了高温高产气井热应力对套管及井口装置安全的影响.最后,以我国南海某气田为例,进行了井口热应力与套管头升高值的计算.结果表明,自由套管段的温度变化与各层套管水泥返深是影响井口热应力和套管头升高值的主要因素,井口热应力随表层套管和导管的水泥返深增加而增大,优化各层套管的水泥返深可以减小井口热应力;同时,随日产量增大,井筒温度升高,井口热应力和套管头升高值增加.     

不同螯合剂对零价铁活化过硫酸盐降解对氯苯胺的影响

研究了螯合剂EDTA、草酸(OA)、柠檬酸(CA)以及2,2-联吡啶(BPY)对零价铁(ZVI)活化过硫酸盐(PS)降解对氯苯胺(PCA)的影响;考察了溶液中PCA的降解率、PS消耗量和溶液中的Fe2+含量对反应的影响.结果表明,在中性条件下,EDTA、OA、CA等3种螯合剂抑制PCA在零价铁活化过硫酸盐体系中降解.而BPY促进了PCA的降解,增加溶液中BPY浓度,PCA的降解率增大;且PCA的降解是拟一级反应,其速率和BPY浓度呈正比;溶液初始p H值为3.0—11.0时,PCA在中性和碱性条件下的降解效率高于酸性条件.相对未加入BPY的体系,在中性和碱性条件下,BPY促进ZVI中Fe2+的溶出而提高PS活化效率,在酸性条件下,BPY由于减少了溶液中游离的Fe2+浓度,表现出对PCA的降解抑制.本文结果进一步证明了零价铁活化过硫酸盐非均相体系中,零价铁是作为活化PS的Fe2+的替代来源.