英语素质教育方法之一——自由演讲(Free Speech)

自由演讲是英语教育中素质教育的一个重要方法，以提高学生的口语能力为目标，激发学生的学习兴趣，为之后的课本学习打下良好基础。具体形式有三种：自我表述式（起始阶段），重在引导学生积极发言，提高兴趣；表演问答式（发展阶段），进一步发展学生能力，提高层次；话题讨论式（提高阶段），发展学生自我表述能力，进程控制能力，达到融会贯通。     

游离亚硝酸对好氧/延长闲置序批式反应器除磷性能的影响

以合成废水为研究对象,在好氧/延长闲置序批式反应器中研究不同浓度游离亚硝酸对系统除磷性能的影响.通过分析闲置期聚磷水解及微生物体内各储能物质的变化及不同反应器的除磷效果,探究其可能存在的影响机理.结果表明,游离亚硝酸浓度为5.13×10-5mg·L-1时对反应器除磷效果及沉降能力抑制不明显,而当游离亚硝酸浓度达到5.13×10-4mg·L-1时,磷的平均去除率降至40.5%,反应器中出现严重的污泥膨胀,污泥沉降指数值最高达310 mL·g-1.典型周期分析表明,游离亚硝酸可影响聚磷菌对碳源的吸收和胞内聚羟基脂肪酸酯的合成,进而影响好氧吸磷及闲置期聚磷水解.恢复试验表明,当游离亚硝酸浓度高于2.57×10-4mg·L-1时,撤销影响后系统的除磷能力和沉降性能虽有明显回升,但无法恢复至初始水平.     

Mechanism and rate constants for complete series reactions of 19 fluorophenols with atomic H

Fluorine-containing halogenated fluorophenol may have efect as intermediate species involved in the formation of polyfluorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofurans(PFDDs/Fs). The mechanism for the atomic H initiated reactions with complete series of nineteen fluorophenol congeners was studies using the density functional theory. At the MPWB1K/6-31+G(d,p) level, the geometries and frequencies of reactants, transition states, and products were obtained, and the accurate energetic values were acquired at the MPWB1K/6-311+G(3df,2p) level. The rate constants were evaluated by the canonical variational transition-state theory with the small curvature tunneling contribution over a wide temperature range of 600–1000 K. The study shows that the intramolecular hydrogen-bond in the ortho-substituted FPs as well as the inductive efect of the electron-withdrawing fluorine and steric repulsion of multiple substitutions may ultimately be responsible for the relative strength of the O–H bonds in FPs. The results can be used for further studies on PFDD/Fs formation mechanism.     

Fe_3O_4/石墨烯活化过硫酸盐降解罗丹明B废水的研究

利用水热法合成石墨烯负载Fe3O4催化剂,利用X-射线衍射、红外光谱、比表面积等对其进行表征。以Fe3O4/石墨烯为催化剂,活化过硫酸钾降解罗丹明B,考察了石墨烯与Fe3O4配比、催化剂用量、氧化剂浓度、pH值和温度等因素对其降解性能的影响。石墨烯的加入可以显著提高罗丹明B的降解率,氧化剂用量的增加有利于降解反应,弱酸性条件有利于降解;温度升高对罗丹明B降解有利。在该反应体系中存在的自由基以SO-4为主,·OH和O-2为辅。     

应用亲电型悬浮生物载体处理工业废水的现场中试

研究采用本课题组研发的亲电改性聚乙烯为悬浮生物膜载体,构建移动生物膜与活性污泥复合工艺(integrated free-floating biofilm and activated sludge,IFFAS),对东北某工业园区污水处理厂的污水处理进行现场中试。结果表明,当进水ρ(COD)、ρ(NH3-N)、ρ(TN)分别为139~741,19.3~44.9,29.6~148.6 mg/L时,改性载体在10 d左右即可完成挂膜;中试IFFAS工艺稳定运行阶段,出水COD、NH3-N、TN的平均去除率分别高达88%、97%、80%,出水浓度分别为36~48,0.1~0.9,5~14.3 mg/L,达到GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A排放标准。出水水质明显优于污水处理厂原有A2/O工艺出水,说明以亲电改性聚乙烯为载体的IFFAS工艺可显著提高净化污水的能力。     

超声、紫外增强H2O2/KI降解磺胺甲基嘧啶

实验以H_2O_2和KI作为分子碘(I2)的来源,研究比较了超声、紫外分别增强H_2O_2/KI降解磺胺甲基嘧啶(sulfamerazine,SMR)的效果、主要影响因素、分子碘的生成、主要活性物种和产物.结果表明,超声、紫外均能有效增强H_2O_2/KI对磺胺甲基嘧啶的降解,超声的增强效果明显;pH值对磺胺甲基嘧啶的去除率影响较大,pH为2.6~5.6,去除率随pH升高而降低;自由基抑制结果表明,碘自由基(I·和I-2·)是超声、紫外增强H_2O_2/KI降解磺胺甲基嘧啶的主要活性物质.HPLC/MS/MS分析检测到一碘代苯.     

生物膜短程硝化系统的恢复及其转化为CANON工艺的过程

在温度为30℃±1℃条件下,以改性聚乙烯为填料,人工配置无机NH+4-N废水为进水,研究生物膜短程硝化系统的恢复过程.短程硝化首先通过过量曝气破坏,使NOB适应高浓度游离氨后,在连续曝气条件下,DO控制在0.5 mg·L~(-1)以下,FA控制在1.5 mg·L~(-1)以上,维持反应器运行83 d未实现短程硝化,84 d改连续曝气为间歇曝气,出现NO-2-N积累现象,142 d再次验证这一规律.随着反应器的运行,生物膜系统中为ANAMMOX菌提供了生存环境,厌氧氨氧化作用产生,短程硝化系统逐步转化为CANON工艺,并逐渐增加进水NH+4-N浓度和进水流量,反应器的TN去除率与TN去除负荷逐渐提高.当反应器运行至450 d,TN去除率达到64.03%,去除负荷为2.52 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).因此,一旦NOB适应了高浓度的游离氨,生物膜系统的短程硝化恢复不易实现,但间歇曝气是一个有效的方法,随着反应器的连续运行,短程硝化工艺最终转化为CANON工艺,而且,这一转变进一步强化了短程硝化的稳定性.     

三维有序介孔Co3O4非均相活化单过硫酸氢钾降解罗丹明B

以多孔硅KIT-6为模板,采用纳米浇筑法制备三维有序介孔Co_3O_4,利用比表面积测试仪(BET)、高倍投射电子显微镜(H-TEM)、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)等方法进行表征,并首次将其应用于催化单过硫酸盐降解罗丹明B.结果表明,三维有序介孔Co_3O_4具有丰富的空间介孔结构和巨大的比表面积,对单过硫酸盐的催化活性远强于传统纳米级Co_3O_4.较高的催化剂投加量和较高的单过硫酸盐浓度有利于罗丹明B的脱色.在反应体系中出现Cl-和H2PO-4能够加速罗丹明B的脱色,而出现NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)和HCO_3~-则会抑制罗丹明B的去除.通过自由基鉴定实验发现,硫酸自由基是导致罗丹明B脱色的主导活性自由基.三维有序介孔Co_3O_4经过多次重复使用后仍表现出良好的催化活性.     

Determination of photochemically-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in natural water

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be produced by interactions between sunlight and light-absorbing substances in natural water environment. ROS may participate in the indirect photolysis of trace organic pollutants, therefore resulting in the changing of their environmental fates and ecological risks in natural water system. Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine-disrupting chemical, exits widely in natural water. The photodegradation of BPA promoted by ROS (·OH, 1O2, HO2·/O2·-) which were produced on the excitation of ubiquitous constituents (such as nitrate ion, humic substances and Fe(III)-oxalate complexes) in natural water under simulated solar radiation was investigated. Both molecular probe method and electron spin resonance (ESR) test were used for the determine the characterization of generated ROS. It was found that ·OH was photochemically produced with the presence of nitrate ion, humic substances and Fe(III)-oxalate complexes and 1O2 was produced with the presence of humic substances. The steady-state concentrations of ·OH was 1.27×10-14 mol/L in nitrate ion, and the second-order rate constant of BPA with ·OH was 1.01×1010L/( mol·s).     

Determination of photochemically-generated reactive oxygen species in natural water

Reactive oxygen species(ROS) can be produced by interactions between sunlight and light-absorbing substances in natural water environment.ROS may participate in the indirect photolysis of trace organic pollutants,therefore resulting in changes in their environmental fates and ecological risks in natural water systems.Bisphenol A(BPA),an endocrine-disrupting chemical,exits widely in natural waters.The photodegradation of BPA promoted by ROS(.OH,1O2,HO2./O2·-),which were produced on the excitation of ubiquito...