Slip safety risk analysis of surface properties using the coefficients of friction of rocks

This study was conducted to determine the most appropriate surface processing techniques (SPT), environmental conditions (EC) and surface roughness (SR) to minimize the risk of slipping when pedestrians walk on a floor covering of rocks barefoot and with shoes. Coefficients of friction (COFs) and values of SR were found using five different types of rocks, four SPT and two (ramp and pendulum) tests. Results indicate that the parameters which affect the COF values of rocks include SR, EC and SPT. Simple linear regression was performed to examine the relationship between the values of the COF and the SR. The value of the COF was identified as R²?≥?0.864. Statistical results, which are based on experimental measurements, show that rocks are classified according to their safe use areas depending on their COF and SR values.     

Coefficient of friction,walking speed and cadence on slippery and dry surfaces: shoes with different groove depths

Objective. The present study aimed to determine the coefficient of friction (COF), walking speed (WS) and cadence while walking on slippery and dry surfaces using shoes with different sole groove depths to predict likelihood of fall. Background. Design of shoe sole groove is crucial to prevent slipping during walking. Methods. 22 healthy young men (mean age 24.5, body mass index 22.5) volunteered for this semi-experimental study. Six different conditions of the test (combination of three shoes and two surfaces) were defined and the condition was repeated three times. In total, 396 trials (22 subjects?×?3 groove depths?×?2 surfaces?×?3 times) were obtained for data analysis. COF was recorded by force platform at 1000?Hz and walking parameters recorded using 3D motion analysis with six infrared cameras at 200?Hz. Results. The highest COF was obtained from the deepest groove depth (5.0?mm) on both dry and slippery surfaces. The COF on slippery surfaces was significantly lower in comparison with dry surfaces. WS and cadence were not significantly different on dry and slippery surfaces. Conclusion. The deeper groove is better to prevent slipping because the COF increases by increasing the shoe sole groove depth. WS did not change on dry and slippery surfaces.     

Wind Characteristics of Mesquite Streets in the Northern Chihuahuan Desert, New Mexico, USA

Past research has shown that the most important areas for active sand movement in the northern part of the Chihuahuan Desert are mesquite-dominated desert ecosystems possessing sandy soil texture. The most active sand movement in the mesquite-dominated ecosystems has been shown to take place on elongated bare soil patches referred to as “streets”. Aerodynamic properties of mesquite streets eroded by wind should be included in explaining how mesquite streets are more emissive sand sources than surrounding desert land. To understand the effects of wind properties, we measured them at two flat mesquite sites having highly similar soil textures but very different configurations of mesquite. The differences in wind properties at the two sites were caused by differences of size, orientation, and porosity of the mesquite, along with the presence of mesquite coppice dunes (sand dunes stabilized by mesquites growing in the dune and on its surface) found only at one of the two sites. Wind direction, u_* (friction velocity), z₀ (aerodynamic roughness height) and D (zero plane displacement height) were estimated for 15-m tower and 3-m mast data. These aerodynamic data allowed us to distinguish five categories with differing potentials for sediment transport. Sediment transport for the five categories varied from unrestricted, free transport to virtually no transport caused by vegetation protection from wind forces. In addition, “steering” of winds below the level of the tops of mesquite bushes and coppice dunes allowed longer parallel wind durations and increased wind erosion for streets that aligned roughly SW–NE. U.S. Government right to retain a non-exclusive royalty-free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

辉光离子氮化对马氏体不锈钢性能的影响

对 1Crl3马氏体不锈钢进行了辉光离子氮化处理试验 ,并对氮化试样的金相和硬度进行了分析测定。结果表明 5 2 0℃辉光离子氮化 8h ,使 1Crl3马氏体不锈钢的氮化层深度达到 0 .2 5mm ,最高硬度达到HV732 ,约为基体硬度的 4倍。     

汽车制动系统的匹配设计

通过对汽车制动系统的原理及结构性能的探讨,进一步掌握整车新产品开发设计中制动系统的匹配计算.     

一种连接器振动故障分析

目的 分析得出轴向弹性触碰式连接器内导体失效的主要原因。方法 以某机载电子模块的连接器在功能振动试验后出现的故障为研究对象,对其进行目测检查、随机振动仿真分析和受力分析,定位故障原因,随后结合应力应变关系公式、高斯区间法和Miner累积损伤定律,推导内导体的疲劳寿命计算公式。结果计算得到内导体自身的振动响应应力仅为0.26 MPa,不足以产生疲劳破坏,但在振动激励下,连接器随模块的振动位移较大,超出了连接器的间隙容差范围,致使受压的内导体端面出现较大的往复动摩擦力,而摩擦力引起内导体根部的应力（250.13 MPa）超过了材料的疲劳极限,内导体有疲劳断裂的风险。进一步计算出内导体的振动疲劳寿命为0.67 h,小于功能振动试验时间,证实是振动位移引起的摩擦导致了内导体的疲劳断裂。结论 轴向弹性触碰式连接器必须要重视摩擦力的危害,提高模块的安装刚度,可以有效地提高连接器的可靠性。     

饱和砂土排水与不排水剪切特性的比较研究

针对相对密度为30%的福建标准砂,利用土工静力-动力液压-三轴扭转多功能剪切仪,进行了复杂初始固结条件下应力路径变化的应力控制式单调排水与不排水剪切试验。试验过程中,控制平均主应力保持不变,分别探讨在排水与不排水条件下中主应力系数和主应力方向角对饱和砂土剪切特性和强度的影响。通过对比表明:在排水与不排水试验中,与排水条件无关,中主应力系数对归一化的应力—应变关系具有影响,但对体变或孔压的影响并不明显;当其余初始条件相同时,偏应力比随中主应力系数的增大而降低。主应力方向角的影响同样显著,排水试验的主应力方向角不同时,应力—应变关系所表现出的变化规律取决于水平面与竖直面上受到的剪应力作用,相变及峰值偏应力比和内摩擦角与主应力方向角之间存在抛物线型关系。不排水试验的峰值有效偏应力比随着主应力方向角的增大而减小。同时,对于不同的主应力方向,排水条件改变会影响试验得到的抗剪强度指标。     

单桩负摩阻力计算方法比较分析

桩基工程中桩侧负摩阻力所产生的作用于桩体上的下拽力,可能引起桩体破坏、桩基不均匀沉降等诸多工程灾害。为此,工程师们建立了许多单桩负摩阻力计算公式,但是由于这些公式各自的适用性和局限性,计算结果差别较大。首先介绍了目前国内外用于计算单桩负摩阻力及确定中性点位置的几种常用方法:极限分析法、荷载传递法、弹性或弹塑性理论法、剪切位移法和数值分析法;再结合具体工程实例,对以上几种方法进行比较,指出各自的适用条件、优缺点等,为工程设计提供参考。     

Development of an objective determination of a slip with a portable inclineable articulated strut slip tester (PIAST)

A portable inclineable articulated strut slip tester (PIAST) is a slipmeter that is widely used in the USA to measure coefficient of friction (COF) at the shoe sole and floor interface. A determination of a slip at the measurement interface, which is currently judged subjectively by operators, plays a crucial role in deciding the outcomes of a PIAST measurement. The goal of this study was to develop an objective determination of a slip based on the movement of the weight used by the slipmeter. The displacement of the weight and the time duration of consecutive strikes in a measurement were used to derive the objective slip criterion. Various footwear materials, floor materials and surface conditions were used to cover a wide range of COF values. The results of the regression analysis indicated that the objective COF predicted by the method developed in the current study was significant (R² = 0.997, β = 0.991, p < 0.001) in predicting the subjective COF determined by the operator.     

浅谈洁净室用静电防护鞋的耗散特性

从静电防护鞋的防护机理入手,介绍和对比了国内外静电防护鞋的相关检测指标与测试方法,并对其防静电性能和耗散特性的评价方法提出了一些建议。为解决静电防护鞋的低电阻、持久性和稳定性问题,一方面需要开发高效持久的抗静电鞋材,另一方面还可以从产品测试标准与方法着手,对相关标准和方法进一步改进完善。建议与国际标准接轨,综合考虑鞋/地系统的电阻(人体综合电阻)、行走电压,提高产品的竞争力,促进电子工业、石油工业、纺织工业、橡胶工业以及军事兵器工业等领域的快速发展。