Simultaneous Determination of O- and P- Nitrophenol by First Derivative Spectrophotometry

A simple method by first derivative spectrophotometry is proposed for the simultaneous determination of o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol. The analytes were separated from samples by liquid-liquid extraction (pH = 7.4) as tetrabutylammonium ion pairs into the 1,2-dichloroethane organic phase and subsequently the extracts were evaluated directly by derivative spectrophotometry. Simultaneous determination of both analytes could be carried out using the zero-crossing and the graphical methods for o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol, respectively. The determination ranges were found to be between 0.115 to 3.00 ppm and 0.130 to 3.00 ppm for o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol, respectively. The relative standard deviations were in all instances less than 2.0%. The proposed method was applied to the determination of these compounds in fruit juices.     

果树注射施肥初探

通过对果树注射施肥技术原理,特点与操作方法的介绍,并与传统的方法相对比.从果品产量与品质,肥料利用率,环境影响程度等方面分析了果树注射施肥的效果,该方法具有较大的推广应用前景.     

Heavy metal mobility in runoff water and absorption by eggplant fruits from sludge treated soil

Sewage sludge addition to agricultural lands requires judicious management to avoid environmental risks arising from heavy metal and nitrate contamination of surface water and accumulation in edible plants. A field study was conducted on a silty-loam soil of 10% slope at Kentucky State University Research Farm. Eighteen plots of 22 × 3.7 m each were separated using metal borders and the soil in six plots was mixed with sewage sludge and yard waste compost mix (SS-YW) at 15 t acre^?1, six plots were mixed with sewage sludge (SS) at 15 t acre^?1, and six unamended plots that never received sludge were used for comparison purposes. Plots were planted with eggplant, Solanum melongena L. as the test plant. The objectives of this investigation were to: 1) assess the effect of soil amendments on the transport of NO₃, NH₄, and heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Mo) into surface water; 2) investigate the effect of soil amendments on heavy metal bioavailability in eggplant fruits at harvest; and 3) assess chemical and physical properties of soil following addition of soil amendments and their impact on the yield and quality of eggplant fruit. SS-YW treatments reduced runoff water by 63% while plots incorporated with sewage sludge alone reduced runoff water by 37% compared to control treatment. The SS-YW treatments transported more mineral nitrogen (NO₃-N and NH₄-N) in runoff water than SS treatments. Total marketable yield (lbs acre^?1) and number of eggplant fruits were greatest in SS-YW treatments. This response may be due to improved soil porosity, water, and nutrient retention of the soil amended with SS-YW mixture. Concentrations of heavy metals in soil amended with sludge were below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) limits. Chromium, Ni, Zn, and Cu were taken up by eggplant fruits but their concentrations were below the Codex Commission allowable levels.     

Evaluation of the field dissipation of fungicides and insecticides used on fruit bearing trees in northern Italy

The dissipation of the fungicides captan, cyprodinil, fludioxonil, dithianon, and tebuconazole and of the insecticides chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion, and malathion was studied, following a single treatment of different cultivars of pears, apples, and peaches. The study was conducted in northern Italy, over two successive growing seasons (2004 and 2005). The treatments were performed by the farmers involved, in line with their usual practice. At various time intervals from treatment to harvest, representative samples of fruit were collected and analyzed for pesticide residues. In some cases, concentrations lower than the maximum residue levels (MRLs) were found immediately after treatment. In all trials a rapid decline in pesticide concentrations was observed leading to residues at harvest greatly below the MRLs.     

基于预处理的AFOA-ELM冲击地压危险预测模型

为提高冲击地压危险性预测准确率,提出一种基于预处理的改进的果蝇优化算法(AFOA)优化极限学习机(ELM)的预测模型。以重庆砚石台煤矿为例,选取其10个冲击地压危险性影响因素作为模型特征;以部分实测数据作为样本数据集并进行预处理,采用合成少数类过采样技术(SMOTE)构建平衡数据集,使用灰色关联分析法(GRA)及因子分析法(FA)降低特征维度;针对果蝇优化算法(FOA),引入跳脱变量和分类准确率方差变量构造AFOA,利用AFOA优化选取ELM的输入层权值及隐含层阈值,构建冲击地压危险预测模型,训练预处理样本数据、预测并对比其他模型预测结果。结果表明:数据集预处理可以显著提高AFOA-ELM模型预测效果;基于预处理的 AFOA-ELM冲击地压危险预测模型,预测准确率为93.75%,均方误差为6.25%,预测精度显著优于其他对比模型。     

Arthropod community organization and development in pear

Arthropod communities in pear are conceptualized as hierarchically organized systems in which several levels of organization or subsystems can be recognized between the population level and the community as a whole. An individual pear tree is taken to be the community habitat with arthropod subcommunities developing on leaf, fruit, and wood subcommunity habitats. Each subcommunity is composed of trophically organized systems of populations. Each system of populations is comprised of a functional group or guild of phytophagous arthropods that use the habitat primarily for feeding but also for overwintering or egg deposition, and associated groups of specialized predators, parasitoids, and hyperparasitoids. Several species move from one subcommunity to another during the course of community development and thus integrate community subsystems. Community development or change in organization through time is conceptualized as being jointly determined by the development of the habitat and the organization of the species pool. The influence of habitat development on community development within a species pool is emphasized in this research. Seasonal habitat development is expressed as change in the kinds and biomasses of developmental states of wood, leaf, and fruit subcommunity habitats. These changes are accompanied by changes in the kinds, biomasses, and distributions of associated community subsystems.     

pH对果蔬、园林垃圾混合厌氧水解产酸的影响

采用厌氧水解技术处理果蔬、园林混合垃圾,探究pH值对产酸效果的影响。在45℃、pH=6的条件下,第11天时反应器内消化液的挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度达到最大值12.94 g/L,是未调控pH条件下VFA浓度的3.37倍,同时使达到最大值的时间减少了20%,大大提高了产酸效率。同时,调控pH可以促进溶解性有机物(SCOD)转化为挥发性脂肪酸,VFA/SCOD在pH=6条件下第11天时达到最大值,为48.73%。进一步对比分析不同条件下的消化液VFA组分和氨氮浓度,调控pH=6可使发酵类型从乙醇型发酵转为丁酸型发酵,也有利于蛋白质的分解。     

观赏果树在乌鲁木齐市绿化环境的效果及应用分析

为比较不同观赏果树在乌鲁木齐市对绿化环境的效果,分析不同观赏果树在乌鲁木齐市的应用方式.本实验以乌鲁木齐市20年生的常见观赏果树山桃、新疆梨等为实验材料,分析其可观赏性、生长期、生长状况、抗性、产量、滞尘量、绿化环境的不利因素,结果显示8种观赏果树绿化环境的效果从优往劣依次是黑桑、红果山楂、黄太平、毛杏、山桃、李子、新疆梨、葡萄.对乌鲁木齐市绿化环境的建设,这8种观赏果树与其他观赏植物配合进行花园立体绿化环境,效果更好.     

内蒙古河套地区小麦重金属含量与土壤质量的关系研究

依据在内蒙古河套地区采集的小麦茎叶、籽粒及根系土样品,分析了小麦籽粒和土壤重金属污染状况,结果表明:小麦作物中各部位重金属含量大小顺序依次为根系茎叶籽粒,小麦对重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni的吸收能力从大到小的顺序为ZnCuNiCrPbCdHg;小麦籽粒个别土样存在Pb污染问题,需要做进一步的研究和关注;整体上看河套地区为绿色食品基地的土壤,适宜发展AA级绿色食品。