生物技术在南方果树研究中的应用

综述了微繁、胚培养、胚乳培养、花药培养、原生质体培养与融合、转基因和基因克隆、分子标记等生物技术近年来在柑桔等南方果树上的应用.     

树体自动滴输微肥对果树生理和果实品质的影响

研究了树体自动滴输技术在苹果树、核桃树及柿树上的应用．结果表明：通过输施微肥可以促进树体营养生长和发育，提高核桃树花粉生活力及坐果率．节果树经输施后，果实着色显著增加，微量元素含量显著提高，铁(Fe)、锌(Zn)元素可分别比对照提高13．28％～22．90％、42．54％～43．22％，处理果实中硒(Se)及锗(Ge)的增幅较大，分别是对照的9．545倍及4．7173倍．该技术是提高我国果树生产力和改善苹果营养价值的有效方法．图1表7参18     

(Z)-11-Pentacosene is the major sex pheromone component inDrosophila virilis (Diptera)

Summary A crude cuticular extract from 3450 virgin 9–13 day old female fruit flies(Drosophila virilis), was subjected to chromatography accompanied by bioassay for sex pheromone activity. After three chromatographic steps, fractions containing active monoenes and dienes were obtained. Chemical analysis by infrared absorption, gas liquid chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of the active fraction indicated that active monoenes were comprised chiefly of (Z)-11-pentacosene (abbreviated (Z)-11-C_25:1), (Z)-13-C_27:1, (Z)-13- and (Z)-14-C_29:1. Synthetic monoenes were made, and only (Z)-11-C_25:1 elicited good courtship behaviour in maleD. virilis. Therefore it was concluded that (Z)-11-C_25:1 was a major sex pheromone. A total of 16.2±1.32 µg of cuticular hydrocarbons was isolated from 10 day old females, including 5.9±0.56 µg of (Z)-11-C_25:1. An additive effect was suggested from the higher observed courtship response when using a mixture of active dienes with the active monoene.     

Effects of mixture ratio on anaerobic co-digestion with fruit and vegetable waste and food waste of China

The biochemical methane potentials for typical fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) and food waste (FW) from a northern China city were investigated, which were 0.30, 0.56 m3 CH4/kgVS (volatile solids) with biodegradabilities of 59.3% and 83.6%, respectively. Individual anaerobic digestion testes of FVW and FW were conducted at the organic loading rate (OLR) of 3 kg VS/(m3 day) using a lab-scale continuous stirred-tank reactor at 35°C. FVW could be digested stably with the biogas production rate of 2.17 m3/(m3 day) and methane production yield of 0.42 m3 CH4/kg VS. However, anaerobic digestion process for FW was failed due to acids accumulation. The effects of FVW: FW ratio on co-digestion stability and performance were further investigated at the same OLR. At FVW and FW mixing ratios of 2:1 and 1:1, the performance and operation of the digester were maintained stable, with no accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia. Changing the feed to a higher FW content in a ratio of FVW to FW 1:2, resulted in an increase in VFAs concentration to 1100–1200 mg/L, and the methanogenesis was slightly inhibited. At the optimum mixture ratio 1:1 for co-digestion of FVW with FW, the methane production yield was 0.49 m3 CH4/kg VS, and the volatile solids and soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) removal efficiencies were 74.9% and 96.1%, respectively.     

果蔬废弃物厌氧消化特征及固体减量研究

采用两相厌氧消化工艺处理固体果蔬废弃物,反应液在系统内循环使用,研究了果蔬废弃物产酸发酵类型、产甲烷相对消化产物的利用顺序和果蔬固体减量效果。结果表明,在酸化阶段,挥发酸总量最高达5800mg/L,其中丁酸占45%、戊酸占23%、乙酸占20%、丙酸和乙醇占10%左右,属于丁酸型发酵;产甲烷相对挥发酸的利用顺序为乙醇>丁酸>戊酸>丙酸>乙酸,产甲烷阶段体系ORP为-480mV左右;在厌氧消化处理过程中,反应液中COD由开始时的10000mg/L降至反应后期2000mg/L左右,COD去除率达80%以上;同时,果蔬固体物质去除率达到98.6%,果蔬废弃物减量效果明显。     

探讨UASB反应器处理浓缩果汁废水的控制条件

文章用厌氧颗粒污泥接种启动UASB反应器,通过调节碱度和出水回流来实现浓缩果汁废水在低碱度下的稳定运行。研究结果表明:经35天UASB反应器可完全启动,负荷为9.5gCOD(/L·d),COD去除率在80%以上;回流比为0.3,进水碱度和pH值分别为1500mg/L和6.75、1000mg/L和6.52时,反应器能够稳定运行;采用出水回流的方法可以使酸性的浓缩果汁废水厌氧处理大幅度降低用碱量甚至完全不加碱的条件下实现稳定运行,本试验在回流比为8~10时,反应器也有很好的处理效果。通过对其控制条件实验室研究,显著的降低了浓缩果汁废水的处理成本,在工程上具有广泛的应用性。     

广州市海珠区生态果林环境保护研究

海珠区生态果林在广州城市生态系统中占有十分重要的地位。本文论述了生态果林的生态环境现状,分析了人类活动对生态果林的影响,最后提出了保护这一果林的可行性措施。     

果树缺铁失绿症矫治方法简述

本文简单评述了果树缺铁失绿症的多种矫治方法及其效果,以供各地在矫治果树失绿症时参考。     

Statistical optimization of adsorption processes for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol by activated carbon derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches

The adsorption capacity of activated carbon produced from oil palm empty fruit bunches through removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol from aqueous solution was carried out in the laboratory. The activated carbon was produced by thermal activation of activation time with 30 min at 800℃. The adsorption process conditions were determined with the statistical optimization followed by central composite design. A developed polynomial model for operating conditions of adsorption process indicated that the optimum conditions for maximum adsorption of phenolic compound were： agitation rate of 100 r/min, contact time of 8 h, initial adsorbate concentration of 250 mg/L and pH 4. Adsorption isotherms were conducted to evaluate biosorption process. Langmuir isotherm was more favorable （R^2=0.93） for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol by the activated carbon rather than Freundlich isotherm （R^2=0.88）.     

斜板三相分离器UASB-生物接触氧化工艺处理果汁生产废水

采用斜板三相分离器UASB -生物接触氧化串联工艺处理果汁生产废水的工程实践 ,取得了良好的效果。进水CODCr浓度在 5 0 0 0mg L左右 ,稳定运行UASBCODCr容积负荷为 6 5kg m3·d ,HRT为 18h ,CODCr去除率 85 %以上。经后续好氧工艺处理后 ,出水BOD5≤ 60mg L ,CODCr≤ 15 0mg L ,SS≤ 15 0mg L。