Field released transgenic papaya effect on soil microbial communities and enzyme activities

Soil properties, microbial communities and enzyme activities were studied in soil amended with replicase （RP）-transgenic or non-transgenic papaya under field conditions. Compared with non-transgenic papaya, significant differences （P〈0.05） were observed in total nitrogen in soils grown with transgenic papaya. There were also significant differences （P〈0.05） in the total number of colony forming units （CFUs） of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi between soils amended with RP-transgenic plants and non-transgenic plants. Compared with non-transgenic papaya, the total CFUs of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in soil with transgenic papaya increased by 0.43-1.1, 0.21-0.80 and 0.46-0.73 times respectively. Significantly higher （P〈0.05） CFUs of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi resistant to kanamycin （Km） were obtained in soils with RP-transgenic papaya than those with non-transgenic papaya in all concentrations of Km. Higher resistance quotients for Km＇ （kanamycin resistant） bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi were found in soil planted with RP-transgenic papaya, and the resistance quotients for Km＇ bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in soils with transgenic papaya increased 1.6-4.46, 0.63-2.5 and 0.75-2.30 times. RP-transgenic papaya and non-transgenic papaya produced significantly different enzyme activities in arylsulfatase （5.4-5.9x）, polyphenol oxidase （0.7-1.4x）, invertase （0.5-0.79x）, cellulase （0.23-0.35x） and phosphodiesterase （0.16-0.2x）. The former three soil enzymes appeared to be more sensitive to the transgenic papaya than the others, and could be useful parameters in assessing the effects of transgenic papaya. Transgenic papaya could alter soil chemical properties, enzyme activities and microbial communities.     

Dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil in a greenhouse

The dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil was investigated in the summer and autumn in a greenhouse and field, respectively. The dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-grown soil was comparatively described by fitting the residue data to seven models （lst-order, 1.5th-order, 2nd-order, RF lst-order, RF 1.5th-order, RF 2nd-order, and bi-exponential or two-compartment models）. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 11.5 statistical package. The bi-exponential model was selected as the optimal model according to the coefficient of determination r^2. The dissipation half-lives （DT50） of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil at the recommended dose in the summer and autumn, calculated by the bi-exponential model, were 0.6 and 1.2 d in a greenhouse, 0.4 and 1.0 d in a field, respectively; the corresponding values at double dose were 1.2 and 2.1 d in a greenhouse, 0.5 and 1.3 d in a field, respectively. The kinetic data indicate the dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-grown soil in a greenhouse is slower than that in a field, and dissipates slower in the autumn than in the summer.     

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on the functional diversity of soil microorganisms in three weed rhizospheres

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on weed rhizospheres are still vague. The quantitative and diversity changes and metabolic responses of soil-bacterial communities in common dandelion （Taraxacum officinale）, jerusalem artichoke （Silphiurn perfoliatum L.） and evening primrose （A colypha australis L.） rhizospheric soils were thus examined using the method of carbon source utilization. The results indicated that there were various toxic effects of crude oil residues on the growth and reproduction of soil bacteria, but the weed rhizospheres could mitigate the toxic effects. Total heterotrophic counting colony-forming units （CFUs） in the rhizospheric soils were significantly higher than those in the non-rhizospheric soils. The culturable soil-bacterial CFUs in the jerusalem artichoke （S. perfoliatum） rhizosphere polluted with 0.50 kg/pot of crude oil residues were almost twice as much as those with 0.25 kg/pot and without the addition of crude oil residues. The addition of crude oil residues increased the difference in substrate evenness, substrate richness, and substrate diversity between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of T. officinale and A. australis, but there was no significant （p〉0.05） difference in the Shannon＇s diversity index between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of S. perfoliatum. The rhizospheric response of weed species to crude oil residues suggested that S. perfoliatum may be a potential weed species for the effective plant-microorganism bioremediation of contaminated soils by crude oil residues.     

安徽省升金湖湿地土壤有机碳储存及分布

文章研究了安徽省升金湖湿地土壤有机碳储存和分布特征及其与土壤氮素的关系。结果表明,供试湿地土壤全土1m深有机碳密度达10.82±1.90kg.m-2,表层土壤(0—30cm)有机碳密度为5.19±0.68kg.m-2,高于报道的人工湿地——水稻土的碳密度;有机碳(SOC)含量分布随土壤深度(H)的递降符合幂函数方程,湿地土壤有机碳的表层积累强度和积累深度高于稻田;湿地土壤氮素是土壤固碳的有利因子,其氮素对土壤有机碳积累的效应高于水稻土;因湖泊沉积受河流动力学、土壤水分和植物生长条件的影响,湿地土壤有机碳含量存在显著的水平空间变异性。看来,长江中下游淡水湿地在陆地生态系统碳氮储存上具有重要意义。     

岩土破坏过程声发射特征的实验研究

通过对重庆黄泥包滑坡处采集的岩土试样进行单轴压缩和拉伸实验,测试了岩土破坏过程的声发射信号,得出了岩土破坏过程声发射的基本特征:在单轴压缩实验中,声发射能量信号随着压力的增加呈现连续增加的趋势,在主破裂时刻有较强声发射能量信号产生;在蠕变实验中,AE在压力上升阶段信号增强,在恒定压力下,AE信号有所减弱,整体趋势较为平缓;在拉伸实验中,岩土的破坏方式呈主震型和群震型;AE信号能够反映岩土受载过程;岩土的抗压强度与声发射能量最大值呈正相关性;加载速率越大,声发射能量最大值也越大。     

CFG桩复合地基加固高速公路软基的现场试验研究

CFG桩复合地基处理高速公路软基的设计参数是否合理,应看其实际发挥的承载能力及承载时变形的性状。通过对CFG桩复合地基桩、土应力和表面沉降的现场观测,研究了路堤荷载下CFG桩复合地基桩顶、桩间土的应力和沉降变化规律,根据实测数据分析了褥垫层厚度、桩间距及桩体强度等设计参数的合理性。结果表明,路堤荷载下,CFG桩、土最终可达到变形协调,桩、土应力比与桩、土沉降差有着密切的关系,疏桩形式时桩间土承担着大部分荷载;同时,CFG桩复合地基作为路堤荷载的地基时,可设计为桩间距较大的疏桩形式,桩体设计强度可以取得低一些,褥垫层厚度也应适当取大。     

热力耦合作用对桩及桩间土拱效应的影响研究*

为研究负温对桩侧应力及桩间土拱效应的影响,通过FLAC3D软件模拟热力耦合作用下新型排桩冻结法中桩间土拱效应的变化及温度效应下的桩间距,并根据巴霍尔金单排管冻结稳态温度场解析解,建立冻结壁平均温度区域解。研究结果表明:桩土接触面的应力分量τxy近似线性变化,应力分量σx近似均匀分布,温度降低对应力分量τxy的分布影响较小,但对应力分量σx的影响较大;负温使桩间距发生变化,且整体平均应力的分布也更加均匀化;通过与巴霍尔金解析解对比,证明单排管冻结温度场模型的可行性,在此基础上建立的单排管冻结壁平均温度区域解,其与数值模拟结果相差不超过1 ℃,计算误差满足工程要求;随着冻结时间的增加,单排管冻结壁温度场呈抛物线形式降低。     

污染农田土壤修复产业发展面临的问题及建议

随着经济的发展,我国的农业建设也迎来了新的发展机遇,但是目前我国的农业发展过程中存在着严重的土壤污染问题,污染农田土壤修复的问题有待解决。本文围绕污染农田土壤修复这一问题展开研究,望有所助益。     

土壤污染风险规制中的行政裁量研究

我国土壤污染风险规制在专家遴选标准、建设用地和农用地污染风险管控要求,以及风险管控措施等方面存在不同程度的行政裁量。社会理性和科学理性的缺失形成了土壤污染风险行政裁量困局。土壤污染信息制度中“适时公开”的规定使得公众缺乏必要污染信息,弱化其参与程度,导致对行政决定合法性的质疑。此外,土壤污染风险管控标准中专家遴选标准和论证规则的欠缺导致土壤污染风险规制科学理性的缺失。为此,需要建构关照事实和规范的协商式行政裁量模式,强调公众的实质性参与以弥合技术理性和公众理性的鸿沟。同时,在程序上确定专家遴选标准和风险管控标准的论证规则以保证土壤污染风险管控的科学性和客观性。在不妨碍行政裁量权灵活性和能动性的前提下,规范行政裁量权的行使,控制行政裁量权的滥用。     

土壤中7种重金属和砷测定的精密度控制指标研究

通过对浙江省近700组实际土壤样品进行分析,研究了土壤中铜、铅、锌、铬、镍、镉、砷、汞7种重金属和砷测定的精密度控制指标(实验室内相对偏差和实验室间相对偏差),并与行业标准分析方法和文献进行了比较,旨在为环境监测质量控制与质量保证工作提供参考。经统计分析,建议实验室内相对偏差控制指标如下:铜,≤15%;铅,≤15%;锌,≤15%;铬,≤15%;镍,≤15%;镉,≤20%;砷,≤15%;汞,≤50%。建议实验室间相对偏差控制指标如下:铜,≤25%;铅,≤25%;锌,≤20%;铬,≤20%;镍,≤25%;镉,≤35%;砷,≤25%;汞,≤55%。