Fissioning minimizes ranging costs in spider monkeys: a multiple-level approach

The adjustment to deal with intragroup food competition is probably the most plausible explanation of high levels of fission–fusion dynamics. However, studies did not always support expected relations between food availability, ranging costs, and subgroup size. We used several levels of analysis differing in the time and spatial scale in order to investigate this explanation in spider monkeys. In our study, subgroups were larger when food availability was higher across most levels of analyses used. We also found a fine-scale adjustment: compared to the food patch previously visited, spider monkeys traveled to larger patches just after fusions. This was not without an immediate travel cost: the interpatch distance and travel time after a fusion were longer than that before the fusion. This rapid adjustment shows the flexibility that fission–fusion dynamics can offer. Spider monkeys are in large subgroups only when food conditions are favorable, as evidenced by the fact that at all the other time-scale levels larger subgroups did not experience greater ranging costs than smaller subgroups. Our results indicate that on the whole spider monkeys successfully minimize ranging costs by fission and fusion of subgroups.     

皮质醇影响青鳉鳃内钠钾ATP酶基因表达的研究

目前河流中存在较高浓度的天然和人造糖皮质激素(如皮质醇等)污染,其可能对鱼类的渗透压调节和海河洄游产生影响.鱼类鳃内钠钾ATP酶对调节渗透压平衡、适应海河洄游等起关键性作用,有研究表明鱼类鳃内钠钾ATP酶基因表达受皮质醇调控.为此,论文克隆了青鳉钠钾ATP酶α和钠钾ATP酶β基因的序列片段,建立了实时定量RT-PCR测定方法,研究了盐度的增加对其基因表达的影响,并重点探讨了皮质醇对鱼类适应盐度时鳃内钠钾ATP酶基因表达变化的影响.结果表明,适应15‰盐水的青鳉鳃内钠钾ATP酶α和钠钾ATP酶β基因表达显著升高;在转入淡水48h后,钠钾ATP酶α和钠钾ATP酶β基因表达基本恢复到正常水平,但是转入含有100ng·L-1皮质醇暴露水平的淡水中,48h后钠钾ATP酶α基因表达仍处于较高水平,表明100ng·L-1浓度的皮质醇能够显著诱导鳃内钠钾ATP酶α的基因表达,可能干扰渗透压调节,对一些洄游鱼类的溯河过程可能构成潜在影响.     

基于数据融合的风机风量值无线监测技术研究

为了解决主要通风机在测风量过程中在线实时监测等问题,建立了以无线传输技术为基础的三层传输系统框架,并将改进的数据融合算法引入到风量值数据处理当中,通过选取阙值区间利用二次曲线函数来消除阙值点处相互支持的模糊性,取得最优融合传感器组,并对实测数据进行抗干扰实验分析。实验结果表明,无线传输方式有利于风量数据的在线实时监测;改进的数据融合算法能及时有效地消除传感器的测量偏差、提高风量数据的测量精确度。研究结果对煤矿主要通风机风量在线远程监测具一定的理论价值和实用意义。     

铅暴露U251细胞差异表达基因分析(Analysis of Differentiation Expressed Genes of Human U251 Glioma Cells Exposed to Lead)

为研究体外培养的人神经胶质瘤U251细胞(human U251glioma cells)铅暴露后基因表达的改变,分析脑中差异表达基因,探讨铅暴露与神经毒性之间的关系,使用浓度为400μg·mL-1乙酸铅暴露U251细胞8h和24h,设置空白对照,提取RNA.应用基因芯片方法寻找差异表达基因,芯片扫描结果经归一化处理,设定Ratio值<0.5或≥2.0为表达有差异基因.结果表明铅暴露U251细胞导致2840条基因差异表达,暴露8h和24h皆上调表达的基因有92条,皆下调表达的基因有85条,其中132条基因在脑中表达;通过与数据库资料比对,109条基因与其在脑表达情况一致,23条基因不一致(15条基因高表达,8条基因低表达).从实验结果可以看出铅暴露能够导致U251细胞基因表达改变,抑制细胞增殖和迁移,促进细胞凋亡,负调控T细胞免疫活性.导致与神经发生、细胞骨架形成相关基因表达下调,神经保护能力下降,铅暴露可能与神经变性疾病及退行性疾病发生有关.     

氯化甲基汞对大鼠脑c-fos和c-jun基因表达的影响

为了研究即刻早期基因c-fos、c-jun在氯化甲基汞(MMC)神经毒性机制中的作用,本研究应用免疫组织化学方法对皮下注射甲基汞5.0mg/kg及0.1mg/kg的大鼠脑区FOS、JUN表达水平进行观察,对照组注射生理盐水.结果表明,急性暴露3h后,暴露组大鼠脑FOS、JUN蛋白表达均高于对照组,从而表明即刻早期基因(IEG)参与了氯化甲基汞对中枢神经系统损害的毒性过程.     

HaNPV多角体蛋白在宿主不同组织中的时相性表达

应用亲和凝胶过滤层析对多角体蛋白多克隆抗血清进行纯化,辣根过氧化物酶进行标记,用于ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测中肠、血淋巴、脂肪体中的多角体蛋白的含量变化．结果：中肠在感染２４ｈ含量最高,４８ｈ最低,７２ｈ较４８ｈ略有升高,９６ｈ和１２０ｈ与７２ｈ基本保持一致;血淋巴在感染４８ｈ含量最高,然后下降至９６ｈ,１２０ｈ又稍有升高;脂肪体在感染７２ｈ开始增加,直至１２０ｈ．三种组织中多角体蛋白含量变化并不同步．从表达的时相性看,与ＮＰＶ的感染过程基本一致,即从中肠至血腔再到脂肪体．免疫电镜观察表明,感染７２ｈ的中肠,在胞浆中合成的多角体蛋白此时已转运到细胞核中     

基于多源遥感影像融合的武汉市土地利用分类方法研究

准确高效的获取土地利用信息,对于合理利用和开发土地资源具有十分重要的意义。在快速城镇化地区,土地利用活动频繁且密集,土地利用格局演变十分剧烈,增加了城市土地利用精准分类的不确定性;且受环境气候和云雨天气影响增加了有效光学影像获取的难度。为提高城市土地分类精度,该文选取武汉市中心城区为研究案例,以Sentinel-1A和Landsat8 OLI影像为数据源,采用Gram-Schmidt变换方法进行影像融合,选取最大似然、支持向量机、CART决策树、BP神经网络等4种分类方法对融合的影像进行分类,提取了研究区土地利用信息,并对其进行分析。进一步,通过与光学影像的分类结果对比,探究了Sentinel-1A和Landsat8 OLI融合影像在土地利用信息提取方面是否具有优势。研究结果表明:(1)对比其他3种方法,CART决策树分类方法对于融合后的影像分类精度最高,总体分类精度和Kappa系数分别达到88.55%和0.841 4;(2)与光学影像相比,Sentinel-1A和Landsat8 OLI融合影像可以更有效地获取高精度城市土地利用信息;(3)基于多源遥感影像融合的CART决策树分类方法是获取研究区高精度土地利用信息的一种行之有效的技术手段。研究成果可为快速城镇化区域的土地利用分类提供参考。     

五氯酚对土壤跳虫代谢转化酶基因和蜕皮相关基因表达的影响

五氯酚(PCP)是一种广泛存在于环境中的有机污染物。利用土壤跳虫(Folsomia candida)作为受试生物,研究了不同浓度的PCP暴露下细胞色素P450(CYP450)基因、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)基因和蜕皮相关基因表达水平的变化。结果显示,PCP暴露下,跳虫CYP450基因Fcc01651、Fcc02155、Fcc03650和GST基因Fcc04073、Fcc05260的表达水平未发生显著变化。在PCP浓度为240 mg·kg-1时,跳虫GST基因Fcc00494的表达显著上调。在PCP浓度为120 mg·kg-1和240 mg·kg-1时,几丁质酶基因Fcc00881和几丁质结合域基因Fcc01306的表达受到显著抑制。研究结果可为评价PCP暴露对跳虫的毒性提供一定依据。     

Temperature dependence of the absolute rate constant for the reaction of ozone with dimethyl sulfide

Absolute rate constants for the reaction of ozone with dimethyl sulfide (DMS) were measured in a 200-L Teflon chamber over the temperature range of 283-353 K. Measurements were carried out using DMS in large excess over ozone of 10 to 1 or greater. Over the indicated temperature range,the data could be fit to the simple Arrhenius expression as KDMS = (9.96±3.61)×10-11exp(-(7309.7±1098.2)/T)cm3/(molecule·s). A compared investigation of the reaction between ozone and ethene had a kc2H4 value of(1.35±0.11)×10-18 cm3/(molecule·s) at room temperature.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.