Building resilience by challenging social norms: integrating a transformative approach within the BRACED consortia

Resilience is a complex phenomenon whereby a multitude of social and environmental factors, including gender, combine to shape the ways that shocks affect people. Looking at two BRACED (Building Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Extremes and Disasters) projects, in Burkina Faso and in Ethiopia, this article uses a desk review and primary data from partners and people at risk to explore how a gender‐transformative approach can be an integral part of resilience‐building projects, particularly those implemented by multi‐stakeholder consortia. It also suggests ways to incorporate a stronger gender component in similar future projects. The article argues that donors and programme managers must provide clear principles and guidelines for achieving gender equity within resilience‐building efforts. However, these must allow flexibility to adapt to norms, needs and resources as determined by implementing partners. The right balance can be achieved by facilitating spaces for individual and collective goal‐setting; assessing current capacity and trajectories; and lesson‐sharing as an iterative process for institutional learning.     

室内外PM10中多环芳烃相关关系及来源分析

为研究室内外PM10中多环芳烃相关性和来源特征,于2009年非采暖季、采暖季在天津市某小区36位住户室内和室外进行PM10膜采样,并分析其中12种PAHs浓度.结果表明,非采暖季较采暖季更为良好的室内外通风性,导致非采暖季室内外PM10中PAHs浓度没有显著差异(P>0.05),而采暖季室内PM10中PAHs浓度显著小于室外浓度;非采暖季室内外PM10中各PAHs占总PAHs的质量百分比基本一致,而采暖季其室内外质量百分比有明显不同;采暖季和非采暖季室内外PM10中PAHs的I/O平均值均低于1,但采暖季I/O值小于非采暖季. 对参与者的时间活动模式分析表明,在采暖季和非采暖季,室内吸烟、清洁活动以及烹饪对室内PM10中PAHs浓度变化均没有显著影响(P>0.05). 室内外PAHs浓度线性回归分析表明,室内PM10中5~7环PAHs主要受到室外源的影响,2~4环PAHs主要受到室内源的影响,非采暖季和采暖季室内外PM10中总PAHs的有效穿透因子分别为0.73和0.51. 通过特征比值法对PM10中PAHs来源进行解析得出,燃煤源、柴油机动车是其主要来源.     

再论环境社会系统/生态文明建设的四种基本关系

首先,在总结系列具有广泛影响的中西学者对中西文明特征的看法的基础上,论证了在东西方文明中,人与自然的关系存在分化的现象.又考虑到"天人合一"是中国文化的核心特质并是"中国文化对人类未来可有之贡献",进而将人与自然的关系分解为人与天的关系以及人与物的关系.人与天的关系是以整体性的视角对待人与自然的相互作用,并在此基础上形成的知识和观念的总和.人与物的关系是指以分析性的思路处理人与自然的相互作用,并在此基础上形成的知识与观念的总和.其次,论证了四种关系是基本关系.环境社会系统中的基本关系必须符合以下条件:一是必要的;二是基本关系之间可以是相关的,但不能是完全相关的;三是在所研究的系统中,所有的基本关系必须是完备的;四是基本关系应该是所描述的系统的各个一级子系统之间的一级关系.主要通过穷举法,发现从兰种生产理论或者社会-经济-自然复合生态系统的层面上看,其中存在九种一级关系,但是有些关系与环境社会系统的研究内容相去甚远,有的具有完全共线性的性质,把这些关系排除在外,剩下四种基本关系,即:人与自身的关系、人与人的关系、人与天的关系、人与物的关系.     

Rainfall Runoff Relationships for a Cloud Forest Watershed in Central America: Implications for Water Resource Engineering1

Caballero, Luis A., Alon Rimmer, Zachary M. Easton, and Tammo S. Steenhuis, 2012. Rainfall Runoff Relationships for a Cloud Forest Watershed in Central America: Implications for Water Resource Engineering. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 1022‐1031. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00668.x Abstract: Understanding the basic relationships between rainfall and runoff is vital for effective management and utilization of scarce water resources. Especially, this is important in Central America with widespread potable water shortage during the dry months of the monsoon. Potential good water sources are cloud forests, but little information concerning its potential is available to water supply engineers. Our objective is to define rainfall‐runoff‐base flow relationships for a cloud forest catchment. Flumes were installed for measuring river flow in four subwatersheds in La Tigra National Park, Honduras. One of the four watersheds was a 636‐ha subwatershed (WS1) with 60% cloud forest coverage. Precipitation averaged 1,130 mm/yr over the entire basin. About half of the total rainfall became runoff for the cloud forest watershed whereas, for the adjacent undisturbed forested watershed, the total discharge was <20% of the amount of precipitation. Infiltration rates were generally greater than rainfall rates. Therefore, most rainfall infiltrated into the soil, especially in the upper, steep, and well‐drained portions of the watershed. Direct runoff was generated from saturated areas near the river and exposed bedrock. This research provides compelling evidence that base flow is the primary contributor to streamflow during both wet and dry seasons in cloud forest catchments. Protecting these flow processes over time is critical for the sustained provision of potable water.     

Social factors mediating human–carnivore coexistence: Understanding thematic strands influencing coexistence in Central Romania

Facilitating human–carnivore coexistence depends on the biophysical environment but also on social factors. Focusing on Central Romania, we conducted 71 semi-structured interviews to explore human–bear (Ursus arctos) coexistence. Qualitative content and discourse analysis identified three socially mediated thematic strands, which showed different ways in which perceived interactions between people, bears and the environment shape coexistence. The “landscape-bear strand” described perceptions of the way in which the landscape offers resources for the bear, while the “landscape-human strand” related to ways in which humans experience the landscape. The “management strand” related to the way bears was managed. All three strands highlight both threats and opportunities for the peaceful coexistence of people and bears. Management and policy interventions could be improved by systematically considering the possible effects of interventions on each of the three strands shaping coexistence. Future research should explore the relevance of the identified thematic strands in other settings worldwide.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0760-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

三种供需关系论

本文提出在人与自然组成的环境－社会系统中存在着三种有决定性意义的供需关系,分析了这三者的异同与联系,剖析了它们在人类社会运行、发展中和及在人类社会可持续发展中的地位。     

QSAR计算中的分子连接性指数法

本文介绍了分子连接性指数法和原理及各阶指数的计算方法，以及在ＱＳＡＲ计算中的应用实例，并对特殊连接性指数的用法作了分析。     

纳滤膜对脂肪族及杂环有机物的截留特性

分别选用NF90、NF270和NF-型号的纳滤膜测定了20种脂肪族及杂环有机物的截留率®,并分析了纳滤膜截留效果的影响因素.结果表明,脂肪族及杂环有机物的R受到分子结构和膜特性的影响:对于同分异构体,分枝结构越多,R越高;环状有机物与分子量相近的直链有机物相比,R明显偏高;孔径越小的纳滤膜R越高.利用遗传算法(GA)结合偏最小二乘回归(PLS)和人工神经网络法(ANN)建立了脂肪族及杂环物质的R与其结构的定量关系模型,2种方法建立的模型相关系数可分别达到0.8809和0.9944,通过2种模型进一步分析了R的影响规律,并对几种物质的R进行了有效的预测.从预测结果来看,GA-ANN模型的预测精度要好于GA-PLS模型.     

不同地域人发中重金属污染特征与来源解析

以某高校新生发样为研究样本,将生源地分为东北、西北、西南、华北、华南、华中、华东7个地域,采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法对发样中所含铬、铜、镍、铅、锌进行测定,通过非参数检验及偏相关性检验分析不同地区发样中重金属含量与性别、身体质量指数(BMI)的关系。结果显示,所采集发样中铬、铜、镍、铅、锌的含量变化范围依次为0.22~101.84、0.36~112.24、0.70~128.75、1.39~136.13、1.12~719.50μg/g;发样中重金属浓度的地区排序为东北>华东>华北>西北>华中>西南>华南。聚类分析和主成分分析结果显示,不同地区发样中重金属的来源有所差异:东北、西北、华北地区发样中重金属可能主要来源于燃煤、工业生产过程、机动车排放,方差贡献率分别为39.47%、25.78%、22.89%;华中、华东、西南、华南地区发样中重金属可能主要来源于工业生产过程、机动车排放、冶金化工过程,贡献率分别为47.76%、27.51%、18.24%。相关性检验显示,男性发样内铬、铜、镍、铅含量高于女性。其中,偏胖或偏瘦女性存在较高的铅暴露风险;40.2%的男性发锌含量低于正常值下限,24.4%的女性发锌含量低于正常值下限,且偏瘦女性发内缺锌现象显著;男、女发铜含量高于正常值上限的比例分别为91.8%、85.6%,存在不同程度的铜暴露风险。