大直径薄壁半环拉伸模具的设计

分析半环件的成形规律,制定加工工艺方案,对毛坯展开料、模具的几个主要参数、拉伸零件所需冲床规格进行了计算。     

努鲁儿虎贫困山区生态环境综合治理方略探讨

努鲁儿虎贫困山区虽经多年治理,生态环境仍恶化,严重地制约当地经济的发展。为改善生态环境,必须正视本区缺粮食、缺资本、缺人才的区情,绿化工程建设必须紧紧围绕解决当地人民脱贫致富这一中心才有生命力,才有持久的后劲;必须营造适合当地具有生态经济效益的树(草)种;必须坚持谁种谁有,谁经营谁得利的政策;必须改变以往造林中“输血”型投资,为“造血”型投资等一系列方略。     

Morphogenesis of the Procumbent Life Form in Siberian Stone Pine at the Timberline in the Western Sayan Mountains

The morphology and development are described for Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibiricaDu Tour) growing at the timberline in the Western Sayan Mountains. Throughout ontogeny, these plants have a short stem trailing in an approximately horizontal direction. Maximal longevity and viability are characteristic of basal branches, which are able to root and produce vegetative generations. This allows these plants to be classified with the procumbent tree life form, in which the clones of most adaptive genotypes not only survive under extreme environmental conditions, but can also reproduce vegetatively.     

通用航空安全体系自组织演化动力学机制与模式研究

建立符合通用航空发展规律的通用航空安全管理理论体系,是通用航空发展的前提.本文以通用航空发展特点为基础,应用自组织理论对通用航空发展的组织特性进行了分析,研究了通用航空安全体系自组织生成模式的前提条件和动因,剖析了通用航空安全体系自组织演化的内外部动力因素,以及其相互作用方式和过程,从而解构出通用航空安全体系自组织演化的动力学机制—涨落机制、创新机制、选择机制和学习机制,在此基础上,构建了通用航空安全体系自组织演化动力学模型.最后,结合实际对我国通用航空安全管理体系建设提出了相应的建议.     

Socio‐economic benefits from protected areas in southeastern Australia

International case studies of protected area performance increasingly report that conservation and socio‐economic outcomes are interdependent. Effective conservation requires support and cooperation from local governments and communities, which in turn requires that protected areas contribute to the economic well‐being of the communities in which they are sited. Despite increasing recognition of their importance, robust studies that document the socio‐economic impacts of protected areas are rare, especially in the developed world context. We proposed 3 potential pathways through which protected areas might benefit local communities in the developed world: the improved local housing value, local business stimulus, and increased local funding pathways. We examined these pathways by undertaking a statistical longitudinal analysis of 110 regional and rural communities covering an area of approximately 600,000 km² in southeastern Australia. We compared trends in 10 socio‐economic indicators describing employment, income, housing, business development and local government revenue from 2000 to 2010. New protected areas acquisitions led to an increased number of new dwelling approvals and associated developer contributions, increased local business numbers, and increased local government revenue from user‐pays services and grants. Longer‐term effects of established protected areas included increased local council revenue from a variety of sources. Our findings provide support for each of our 3 proposed benefit pathways and contribute new insights into the cycling of benefits from protected areas through the economy over time. The business and legislative models in our study are typical of those operating in many other developed countries; thus, the benefit pathways reported in our study are likely to be generalizable. By identifying and communicating socio‐economic benefits from terrestrial protected areas in a developed world context, our findings represent an important step in securing local support and ongoing high‐level protection for key components of the world's biodiversity.     

Climatic Change, Wildfire, and Conservation

Abstract:  Climatic variability is a dominant factor affecting large wildfires in the western United States, an observation supported by palaeoecological data on charcoal in lake sediments and reconstructions from fire-scarred trees. Although current fire management focuses on fuel reductions to bring fuel loadings back to their historical ranges, at the regional scale extreme fire weather is still the dominant influence on area burned and fire severity. Current forecasting tools are limited to short-term predictions of fire weather, but increased understanding of large-scale oceanic and atmospheric patterns in the Pacific Ocean (e.g., El Niño Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation) may improve our ability to predict climatic variability at seasonal to annual leads. Associations between these quasi-periodic patterns and fire occurrence, though evident in some regions, have been difficult to establish in others. Increased temperature in the future will likely extend fire seasons throughout the western United States, with more fires occurring earlier and later than is currently typical, and will increase the total area burned in some regions. If climatic change increases the amplitude and duration of extreme fire weather, we can expect significant changes in the distribution and abundance of dominant plant species in some ecosystems, which would thus affect habitat of some sensitive plant and animal species. Some species that are sensitive to fire may decline, whereas the distribution and abundance of species favored by fire may be enhanced. The effects of climatic change will partially depend on the extent to which resource management modifies vegetation structure and fuels.     

试论湖北省伏旱的环流特征

通过对湖北省几个典型伏旱年的同期环流特征的分析,揭示了与湖北严重伏旱灾害密切联系的几中大气环流系统,并进行了分型。指出,造成严重伏旱的主要天气系统有西太平洋副热高压,西风带环流和西太平洋台风,并根据伏旱期大气环流的不同型式,将造成湖北伏旱的环流特征主要归结为两类,一是副高势力强盛,西伸强烈,稳定控制长江中下游地区;中高纬度向环流占优势;台风活动较少,另一类是副高压势力较弱,主体位于太平洋面上空,西     

城市污泥的重金属生物活性及其控制

随着土壤法规的加强 ,城市污泥中的重金属严重影响着污泥的处理、处置。介绍了污泥中重金属的分配和化学形态 ,以及迄今为止几种主要的控制方法     

宜昌市天福庙水库沉积物磷形态分布特征及其释放通量估算

为揭示天福庙水库沉积物中磷的形态及空间分布特征,探讨沉积物-水界面磷的释放通量及其主要影响因素,在天福庙水库库区内设立了6个采样点,采用SMT（磷形态标准测试程序）法测量其沉积物中磷的形态组成,对沉积物磷空间分布、间隙水及上覆水PO₄3-质量浓度变化特征进行了分析,估算了磷释放通量.结果表明:①库区沉积物中TP主要由Ca-P（钙磷）构成,TP在水库库尾和支流入库处具有较高的质量分数,分别为4 904.6、5 015.2 mg/kg.TP、IP（无机磷）、Ca-P时空动态具有一致性,磷矿石灰污染是重要原因.②孔隙水中PO₄3-质量浓度在沉积物表层1~3 cm内存在很高的峰值,达11.3 mg/L,各采样点均高于上覆水中PO₄3-质量浓度,存在向上覆水释放PO₄3-的风险,孔隙水中PO₄3-质量浓度与TP质量分数及磷形态相关.③采用孔隙水扩散模型法估算PO₄3-在沉积物-上覆水界面上的释放通量,库区沉积物磷释放通量范围为0.13~3.08 mg/（m2·d）,平均值为1.03 mg/（m2·d）,处于较高水平.研究显示,磷矿开采是干流沉积物磷来源和形态组成的重要原因,库区磷释放通量与水流扰动密切相关,坝前、支流交汇处、库尾是库区内源磷污染的主要区域.      

海州湾秋季沉积物磷的形态分布及生物有效性

采用改进的连续提取法（SEDEX法）对2016年秋季（10月）海州湾的表层和柱状沉积物进行磷形态测定,研究不同形态磷的分布特征并分析其生物有效性.结果表明：表层沉积物样品总磷的含量为0.340~0.445mg/g,无机磷的含量为0.271~0.350mg/g;柱状沉积物中总磷的含量为0.367~0.614mg/g,无机磷的含量为0.302~0.443mg/g.总磷中以无机磷为主要赋存形态,无机磷中又以原生碎屑磷为主,各形态磷的含量大小顺序为;总磷（TP） > 无机磷（IP） > 原生碎屑磷（DAP） > 自生钙结合态磷（ACa-P） > 有机磷（OP） > 不稳态磷及铁结合态磷（Fe-P）.通过对磷的生物有效性研究发现,本次调查海域表层沉积物中的生物有效磷（BAP）含量为0.069~0.143mg/g,在TP中所占的百分比为19.44%~32.66%,平均值为24.17%;柱状沉积物的BAP含量为0.062~0.217mg/g,在TP中所占的百分比为16.11%~43.54%,平均值为30.77%,磷的释放风险较小.沉积物各形态磷与粒径的相关性结果显示,在柱状沉积物中,Fe-P、OP和ACa-P与细粘土、粗粘土和细粉砂为正相关性,而与粗粉砂、细砂和中砂则为负相关性,DAP则主要与粗粉砂、细砂和中砂表现出了极显著正相关性,与细粘土、粗粘土和细粉砂表现出显著负相关性,BAP与颗粒物粒径的相关性则具有一定的差异性,具体表现在不同粒径组成和平面分布上.