西安市大气环境质量评价及变化趋势预测

选用SO2、NO2、PM10作为评价因子,采用时间序列的方法对西安市2009年-2014年大气环境质量进行分析评价.结果表明:2009年-2012年西安市空气质量达到了国家二级标准,SO2和NO2的年平均含量下降,2013年都略有上升,但总体上呈下降趋势,而颗粒物的年平均含量呈上升趋势且为影响该市空气质量的主要污染物,主要污染时间为1季度和4季度;利用GM(1,1)模型,预测2015年空气质量变化趋势,提出2015年应该采取措施降低颗粒物的含量,提高本市空气质量.     

Occurrence, distribution, and potential influencing factors of sewage sludge components derived from nine full-scale wastewater treatment plants of Beijing, China

Millions of tons of waste activated sludge (WAS) produced from biological wastewater treatment processes cause severe adverse environmental consequences. A better understanding of WAS composition is thus very critical for sustainable sludge management. In this work, the occurrence and distribution of several fundamental sludge constituents were explored in WAS samples from nine full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of Beijing, China. Among all the components investigated, active heterotrophic biomass was dominant in the samples (up to 9478 mg/L), followed by endogenous residues (6736 mg/L), extracellular polymeric substances (2088 mg/L), and intracellular storage products (464 mg/L) among others. Moreover, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in composition profiles of sludge samples among the studied WWTPs. To identify the potential parameters affecting the variable fractions of sludge components, wastewater source as well as design and operational parameters of WWTPs were studied using statistical methods. The findings indicated that the component fraction of sewage sludge depends more on wastewater treatment alternatives than on wastewater characteristics among other parameters. A principal component analysis was conducted, which further indicated that there was a greater proportion of residual inert biomass in the sludge produced by the combined system of the conventional anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process and a membrane bioreactor. Additionally, a much longer solids retention time was also found to influence the sludge composition and induce an increase in both endogenous inert residues and extracellular polymeric substances in the sludge.     

A new process to improve short-chain fatty acids and bio-methane generation from waste activated sludge

As an important intermediate product, short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs) can be generated after hydrolysis and acidification from waste activated sludge, and then can be transformed to methane during anaerobic digestion process. In order to obtain more SCFA and methane,most studies in literatures were centered on enhancing the hydrolysis of sludge anaerobic digestion which was proved as un-efficient. Though the alkaline pretreatment in our previous study increased both the hydrolysis and acidification processes, it had a vast chemical cost which was considered uneconomical. In this paper, a low energy consumption pretreatment method, i.e. enhanced the whole three stages of the anaerobic fermentation processes at the same time, was reported, by which hydrolysis and acidification were both enhanced, and the SCFA and methane generation can be significantly improved with a small quantity of chemical input. Firstly, the effect of different pretreated temperatures and pretreatment time on sludge hydrolyzation was compared. It was found that sludge pretreated at 100°C for 60 min can achieve the maximal hydrolyzation. Further, effects of different initial p Hs on acidification of the thermal pretreated sludge were investigated and the highest SCFA was observed at initial p H 9.0with fermentation time of 6 d, the production of which was 348.63 mg COD/g VSS(6.8 times higher than the blank test) and the acetic acid was dominant acid. Then, the mechanisms for this new pretreatment significantly improving SCFA production were discussed. Finally,the effect of this low energy consumption pretreatment on methane generation was investigated.     

云南省铅冶炼重金属类危险废物产排污系数研究

针对云南省的铅冶炼行业企业的原料、工艺、企业规模和固体废物的产生及处置情况进行全面调研,并选取代表性企业分析工艺及产排污环节.重点研究铅冶炼企业重金属类危险废物产生规律,借助物料衡算、实测法核算和经验估值等方法分析计算,获取中铅冶炼行业生产过程重金属类危险废物的产生和排放系数.本研究获取危险废物产排污系数可用于排污申报登记、排污收费、核定许可排污量、环境影响评价、标准制定、清洁生产审计等工作,为云南省危险废物环境管理提供理论参考.     

固体发动机装药热安全性数值分析

目的研究固体火箭发动机遭受火烤时的安全性。方法建立发动机有限元模型,计算推进剂在慢速烤燃和快速烤燃工况下的温度分布和爆炸延迟时间。结果推进剂慢烤47 h后达到临界温度,其值为352℃;快烤推进剂加热697 s后达到临界温度,临界温度为355℃。结论推进剂在快速烤燃模式下的热扩散速率大于慢速烤燃工况下,但是温度梯度则相反。两种工况下推进剂达到临界温度后开始反应的位置不同,推进剂厚度决定了其储热能力。     

关于加强乌海市工业固体废弃物整治工作的几点思考

乌海市作为资源型城市,加之基础设施不完善,在经济快速发展的同时,产生了工业企业固体废物乱排、乱放、不按规定要求处置的现象,本文针对乌海市工业固废存在的突出问题提出了几点整治的建议。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定废水中砷探讨

砷是对人体有害的元素,当人体每天的摄入量超过100ug或更高时,对人体就会产生严重的危害,而有些工业废水中合有一定量的砷元素,如果这些工业废水不经处理排放到水中会我们的身体造成很大程度的伤害,所以我对某工厂的工业废水进行检测,检测其排放废水中所含有砷元素的多少。火焰原子荧光和石墨炉原子荧光的检测能力无法满足测定的要求,...     

疏水性超高交联吸附树脂对氯代烃蒸气的固定床吸附特性研究

采用固定床吸附法研究了三氯乙烯（TCE）、 1,2-二氯乙烷（DCE）和三氯甲烷（TCM）共3种氯代烃类蒸气在疏水性超高交联吸附树脂LC-1上的动态吸附行为.结果表明, TCE、 DCE和TCM蒸气的初始浓度、 气体流速和吸附温度均会影响动态吸附过程,随着初始浓度、 气体流速和吸附温度的增大,穿透时间变短,传质区长度增大,其中气体流速的影响最大;采用半经验数学模型Yoon-Nelson模型对吸附穿透实验数据进行拟合,拟合相关性系数R²≥0.994.     

水解池-稳定塘工艺对难降解有机污染物的去除

色谱－质谱联机测定结果表明,水解池能将大分子难降解有机物转化为小分子物质,从而加速了污水在后续稳定塘中的降解。这使得新工艺比对照的传统初沉池－稳定塘工艺减少停留５０％,占地面积５０％以上。本文还研究了三氯甲烷,二氯乙烯,二氯乙烷和四氯乙烷和四氯化碳在新工艺中的去除情况,实验表明,水解池中存在还原脱卤过程,而挥发是稳定塘去除卤代烃的主要途径。     

影响三沟式氧化沟脱氮效果的2个重要参数

运行周期中反硝化运行和硝化运行的时间比ｔＤＮ／ｔＮ是平衡处理系统反硝化,硝化能力的重要参数,实验室条件下分别比较了ｔＤＮ／ｔＮ为０．２７,０．４０,０．４７,０．７５和１．０的５种不同组合的运行效果。结果表明,当ｔＤＮ／ｔＮ为０．４０时,即硝化能力略大于反硝化潜能时,脱氮效果最好。