OREGON WATER QUALITY INDEX A TOOL FOR EVALUATING WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS1

ABSTRACT: The Oregon Water Quality Index (OWQI) is a single number that expresses water quality by integrating measurements of eight water quality variables (temperature, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, pH, ammonia+nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, total solids, and fecal coliform). Its purpose is to provide a simple and concise method for expressing the ambient water quality of Oregon's streams for general recreational use, including fishing and swimming. The OWQI, originally developed in the 1970s, has been updated based upon improved understanding about water quality behavior. This report describes the historical basis of the OWQI and defines the improved design of the present OWQI. The index allows users to easily interpret data and relate overall water quality variation to variations in specific categories of impairment. This report demonstrates the value of the OWQI in presenting spatial and temporal water quality information. The OWQI improves comprehension of general water quality issues, communicates water quality status, and illustrates the need for and effectiveness of protective practices.     

CHAOTIC FORECASTING OF DISCHARGE TIME SERIES: A CASE STUDY1

ABSTRACT: This paper considers the problem of forecasting the discharge time series of a river by means of a chaotic approach. To this aim, we first check for some evidence of chaotic behavior in the dynamic by considering a set of different procedures, namely, the phase portrait of the attractor, the correlation dimension, and the largest Lyapunov exponent. Their joint application seems to confirm the presence of a nonlinear deterministic dynamic of chaotic type. Second, we consider the so‐called nearest neighbors predictor and we compare it with a classical linear model. By comparing these two predictors, it seems that nonlinear river flow modeling, and in particular chaotic modeling, is an effective method to improve predictions.     

A TREE‐RING RECONSTRUCTION OF STREAMFLOW FOR THE COLORADO FRONT RANGE1

ABSTRACT: Water resource planning is based primarily on 20th century instrumental records of climate and streamflow. These records are limited in length to approximately 100 years, in the best cases, and can reflect only a portion of the range of natural variability. The instrumental record neither can be used to gage the unusualness of 20th Century extreme low flow events, nor does it allow the detection of low‐frequency variability that may underlie short‐term variations in flow. In this study, tree rings are used to reconstruct mean annual streamflow for Middle Boulder Creek in the Colorado Front Range, a semi‐arid region of rapid growth and development. The reconstruction is based on a stepwise regression equation that accounts for 70 percent of the variance in the instrumental record, and extends from 1703–1987. The reconstruction suggests that the instrumental record of streamflow for Middle Boulder Creek is not representative of flow in past centuries and that several low flow events in the 19th century were more persistent than any in the 20th century. The 1840s to early 1850s period of low flow is a particularly notable event and may have coincided with a period of low flow in the Upper Colorado River Basin.     

ACCURACY AND PRECISION OF NRCS MODELS FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: In the last 30 years, the National Resource Conservation Service's TR‐55 and TR‐20 models have seen a dramatic increase in use for stormwater management purposes. This paper reviews some of the data that were originally used to develop these models and tests how well the models estimate annual series peak runoff rates for the same watersheds using longer historical data record lengths. The paper also explores differences between TR‐55 and TR‐20 peak runoff rate estimates and time of concentration methods. It was found that of the 37 watersheds tested, 25 were either over‐ or under‐predicting the actual historical watershed runoff rates by more than 30 percent. The results of this study indicate that these NRCS models should not be used to model small wooded watersheds less than 20 acres. This would be especially true if the watershed consisted of an area without a clearly defined outlet channel. This study also supports the need for regulators to allow educated hydrologists to alter pre‐packaged model parameters or results more easily than is currently permitted.     

流域开发规划环境影响评价的战略意义——以岷江上游紫坪铺水库工程与都江堰保护问题为例

文章在分析岷江上游水电开发规划与流域环境问题的基础上提出对都江堰美学、经济、文化价值的再认识和对其进行保护的基本要求,讨论了紫坪铺水库工程与都江堰保护的战略抉择问题,并论述了流域开发规划环境影响评价的重要意义。     

水体交换与传输的时间维特征

从水体交换时间维的特征出发对相关概念进行了总结,分析了宏观概念、微观概念的意义,比较了不同概念的异同。重点给出了更替周期及更新时间的计算方法,并分析了两者的关系。还参照前人研究,分析了水体入口、出口位置不同时水体更替周期、平均传输时间、平均寿命、平均滞留时间的关系。最后以20世纪90年代黄河中下游河段为例对其更替周期及逐月变化规律进行了计算分析,并证实径流量与更替周期存在负相关关系。     

北京市紫外线指数的观测研究

1999年5月—2001年10月在北京观象台对紫外线指数(UVI)进行了长期观测,结果表明:UVI季节差异明显,春、夏、秋、冬季的最大值分别为7 85,9 87,4 92,2 99;正午时的平均值分别为3 52,5 31,2 17,1 24。在UVI高峰时段(10:00—15:00),秋、冬季的UVI基本在0～2范围,对人体危害不大;而0～2,3～4,5～6,大于7的各级UVI的平均累积日照时间春季分别为159,87,47,2min,夏季分别为75,99,93,29min,春、夏季紫外线辐射对人体危害较大。另外,UVI的累积分布显示,春、秋、冬季的UVI多数集中在各季节平均值以下,而夏季正午前后的UVI多分布在其季节平均值以上。      

太湖地区农田NO排放不连续测量最佳时间

以我国南方太湖地区稻麦轮作生态系统的旱地阶段为例,在通过自动连续测量揭示ＮＯ排放的时间变异规律性基础上,讨论了ＮＯ排放不连续测量结果矫正及最佳观测时间选择．根据自动连续测量结果,ＮＯ排放表现出日间极大值型和夜间极大值型２种规律性日变化形式．前者发生在温度比较适宜,但植物生长较弱的情况下,此日变化形式直接与温度有关;后者发生在植物旺盛生长的情况下,且主要取决于植物对铵态氮的吸收,而与温度没有直接关系．在植物生长强弱变换的过渡期,日变化的规律性不明显．不连续测量结果的矫正因子也因植物生长状况而异．当观测时间选择不当,又不进行任何矫正处理时,根据不连续测量结果估计的ＮＯ排放可能偏高１２％ ～４７％ 或偏低１８％ ～６８％ ．无论哪种植物生长情形,１５ｖ００～１６ｖ００都是ＮＯ排放不连续测量的最佳观测时间．这时的观测结果不需要日变化矫正,能直接用来代表日平均排放量.     

多隔室厌氧折流板反应器(ABR) 的水力特性试验研究

对ABR反应器的水力流态进行了示踪剂试验,分析了特征截面面积对ABR水力特性的影响,采用停留时间分布(RTD)法研究了不同进水COD浓度和HRT条件下ABR反应器的水力特性,结果表明不同进水COD浓度时ABR反应器的RTD曲线相似,表明进水COD浓度不是影响ABR水力特性的主要因素;不同HRT条件下RTD曲线差异很大,表明HRT对ABR的水力特性影响较大,随着水力停留时间的延长,N值增大,1/Pe减小,ABR的流态趋于推流流态,随着HRT的缩短,N值减小,1/Pe数增大,ABR反应器趋于完全混合流态.     

厌氧时间对间歇进水-间歇曝气的好氧颗粒污泥系统影响

为启动生活污水AGS工艺,实验以间歇进水-间歇曝气方式运行,降低硝氮浓度,减轻对PAO的抑制,利用除磷中产生的磷酸盐沉淀和正电微粒促进颗粒化实现.接种污水厂污泥于SBR反应器R1、R2、R3和R4中,在总厌氧时间为30、60、90和120 min时,研究厌氧时间对生活污水AGS系统的影响.实验表明,R1、R2、R3和R4历时56、48、39和35 d启动成功;运行105 d,平均粒径达750、764、791和650μm.运行期间,R1和R2在43 d和47 d除磷恶化,延长厌氧时间至90 min后恢复;R3处理效果良好; R4在63～77 d颗粒解体,处理效果下降,DPAO富集程度降低.运行后期,R1、R2、R3和R4出水水质均满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准.结果表明,长厌氧时间运行能实现快速颗粒化,但长期运行时颗粒易解体.较长的厌氧时间能减轻硝氮对PAO释磷的抑制,有助于富集DPAO,能获得良好的脱氮除磷效果.